Bsc Physiology (Year 1) > The Respiratory System (week 9) > Flashcards

The Respiratory System (week 9) Flashcards

(65 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

state the 7 functions of the respiratory system

one cock provides sexual masturbation causing happiness

A
  1. provides O2
  2. eliminates CO2
  3. regulates pH
  4. forms speech
  5. defends against microbes
  6. traps and dissolves blood clots (and air bubbles)
  7. regulates hormones (controls activity)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

state the 12 layer hierarchy of the passage of air

A
  1. nose/mouth
  2. pharynx
  3. larynx
  4. trachea
  5. primary bronchi
  6. secondary bronchi
  7. tertiary bronchi
  8. smaller bronchi
  9. bronchioles
  10. terminal bronchioles
  11. respiratory bronchioles
  12. alveolar sacs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

larynx - state the inner diameter (mm), whether or not they have cilia, whether or not they have goblet cells, whether or not they have cartilage (and type), and whether or not they have smooth muscle

A
  1. 35-45
  2. lots of cilia
  3. lots of goblet cells
  4. lots of cartilage
  5. zero smooth muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

trachea - state the inner diameter (mm), whether or not they have cilia, whether or not they have goblet cells, whether or not they have cartilage (and type), and whether or not they have smooth muscle

A
  1. 20-25
  2. lots of cilia
  3. lots of goblet cells
  4. lots of cartilage (c shaped)
  5. small amount of smooth muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

primary bronchi - state the inner diameter (mm), whether or not they have cilia, whether or not they have goblet cells, whether or not they have cartilage (and type), and whether or not they have smooth muscle

A
  1. 12-15
  2. lots of cilia
  3. moderate amount of goblet cells
  4. lots of cartilage (rings)
  5. moderate amount of smooth muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

secondary bronchi - state the inner diameter (mm), whether or not they have cilia, whether or not they have goblet cells, whether or not they have cartilage (and type), and whether or not they have smooth muscle

A
  1. 10-12
  2. lots of cilia
  3. moderate amount of goblet cells
  4. lots of cartilage (plates)
  5. moderate amount of smooth muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

tertiary bronchi - state the inner diameter (mm), whether or not they have cilia, whether or not they have goblet cells, whether or not they have cartilage (and type), and whether or not they have smooth muscle

A
  1. 8-10
  2. lots of cilia
  3. moderate amount of goblet cells
  4. moderate amount of cartilage (plates)
  5. moderate amount of smooth muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

smaller bronchi - state the inner diameter (mm), whether or not they have cilia, whether or not they have goblet cells, whether or not they have cartilage (and type), and whether or not they have smooth muscle

A
  1. 1-8
  2. lots of cilia
  3. few goblet cells
  4. small amount of cartilage (plates)
  5. moderate amount of smooth muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

bronchioles - state the inner diameter (mm), whether or not they have cilia, whether or not they have goblet cells, whether or not they have cartilage (and type), and whether or not they have smooth muscle

A
  1. 0.5-1
  2. moderate amount of cilia
  3. few goblet cells
  4. zero cartilage
  5. lots of smooth muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

terminal bronchioles - state the inner diameter (mm), whether or not they have cilia, whether or not they have goblet cells, whether or not they have cartilage (and type), and whether or not they have smooth muscle

A
  1. < 0.5
  2. moderate amount of cilia
  3. zero goblet cells
  4. zero cartilage
  5. lots of smooth muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

respiratory bronchioles - state the inner diameter (mm), whether or not they have cilia, whether or not they have goblet cells, whether or not they have cartilage (and type), and whether or not they have smooth muscle

A
  1. < 0.5
  2. few cilia
  3. zero goblet cells
  4. zero cartilage
  5. small amount of smooth muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

alveolar sacs - state the inner diameter (mm), whether or not they have cilia, whether or not they have goblet cells, whether or not they have cartilage (and type), and whether or not they have smooth muscle

A
  1. 0.3
  2. zero
  3. zero
  4. zero
  5. zero
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

trachea and bronchi have cartilage rings, why?

A

trachea and bronchi both have cartilage rings in order to prevent collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

bronchioles do not contain cartilage, what is the significance of this?

A

bronchioles do not contain cartilage so could collapse, but they do contain smooth muscle which generally prevents this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - conducting zone

A

the conducting zone contains approximately 150 ml of air which does not exchange with blood gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

state 2 functions of the conduction zone

A
  1. provides a low resistance pathway for air flow
  2. defends against microbes, toxins and chemicals (cilia, mucus and macrophages)
  3. warms and moistens the air
  4. phonates (vocal chords)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

state what the function of goblet cells are

A

goblet cells function to secrete mucus and trap foreign particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

state what the function of cilia is (1), and the effect tobacco has on cilia (2)

A
  1. cilia function to propel mucus up to the glottis, which it is then swallowed - mucus escalator
  2. cilia can be paralysed by tobacco smoke - smokers cough
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

state 3 facts about the respiratory zone

A
  1. respiratory bronchioles terminate in respiratory sacs which lead to alveoli
  2. most alveoli cluster in alveolar sacs
  3. adjacent alveoli are connected by alveolar pores allowing equilibrium of pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

state the function of type 1 cells

A

type 1 cells are the main cells in the epithelium and are where gaseous exchange occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

state 2 functions of type 2 cells

A
  1. release surfactant liquid which aids gaseous exchange

2. also responsible for reforming the epithelium after damage to the highly sensitive type 1 cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

state what occurs between endothelial and epithelial cells in some places

A

in some places, endothelial cells and epithelial cells have fused basement membranes as they are so close together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - respiratory membrane

A

together, the capillary and alveolar wall form the respiratory membrane (approx. 0.2 um thick)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

state the structure of the pleural sac (3 parts)

A
  1. visceral pleura - lines and is attached to the lung
  2. parietal pleura - attached to the chest wall
  3. 15 ml of intra-pleural fluid within the pleural sac
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
state what it is meant by the key term - atmospheric pressure
Patm - 760 mmHg (0 mmHg for reference)
26
state what it is meant by the key term - intra-pleural pressure
1. Pip - pressure within the pleural sac | 2. 756 mm HG (-4 mmHg for reference)
27
state what it is meant by the key term - alveolar pressure
1. Palv - pressure within the alveoli | 2. 760 mmHg (0 mmHg compared to Patm)
28
state what it is meant by the key term - trans-pulmonary pressure
1. difference between Palv and Pip | 2. 4 -- 4 = 4 mmHG
29
state what it is meant by the key term - Pneumothorax (collapsed lung)
if air enters the intra pleural space between a hole in the chest wall, Pip equilibrates with Patm. without the negative force of Pip, the lung collapses due to elastic recoil forces
30
talk about gentle breathing (3 points)
1. diaphragm lowers 1 cm 2. pressure decreases 3 mmHg 3. 500 ml air enters
31
talk about heavy breathing (3 points)
1. diaphragm lowers 10 cm 2. pressure decreases 100 mmHg 3. 3 L of air enters
32
state the 2 additional muscles used in inspiration during exercise
1. sternocleidomastoid | 2. pectoralis minor
33
state the 2 additional muscles used in expiration (active process now) during exercise
1. internal intercostals | 2. rectus abdominis
34
what enables expiration to be a passive process at rest
elastic recoil of the chest wall and lung tissue
35
state what it is meant by the key term - Boyle's law
gases flow from regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure
36
explain Boyle's law in relation to inspiration
1. inspiration is an active process 2. as thoracic volume inc^, Pip dec^ 3. causes lung volume to inc^, pressure dec^ 4. air moves into lungs down conc^ grad
37
explain Boyle's law in relation to expiration
1. expiration is a passive process at rest 2. as thoracic volume dec^, Pip inc^ 3. causes lung volume dec^, pressure inc^ 4. air moves out lungs down conc^ grad
38
state the calculation for airflow
airflow = (P1 - P2) / resistance
39
state 3 facts about airflow resistance
1. to achieve a given airflow, the requisite pressure difference depends on airway resistance 2. the major determinant of airway resistance is airway pressure 3. if airway diameter dec^ by 1/2, flow resistance inc^ 16x
40
state what it is meant by the key term - VO2
the rate at which the body inhales, transports, and utilises O2 during steady state
41
state what it is meant by the key term - VCO2
the rate at which the body produces, transports, and exhales CO2 during steady state
42
state what it is meant by the key term - inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
the additional volume of air that could be inhaled into the lungs after a normal inhalation
43
state what it is meant by the key term - expiratory reserve volume
the additional air that could be exhaled from the lungs after a normal exhalation
44
state what it is meant by the key term - vital capacity
the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after having taken in the biggest inhalation possible
45
state what it is meant by the key term - residual volume
the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum forced expiration that cannot be exhaled and this causes the alveoli to remain open at all times
46
state what it is meant by the key term - tidal volume
the volume of air inspired or expired on a normal breath
47
state what it is meant by the key term - Dalton's law
each gas within a mixture of gases exerts it's own pressure as if the other gases were not present
48
state 2 additional facts about Dalton's law
1. PP - the specific pressure a gas exerts within a mixture of gases 2. total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of all the individual gases PP's
49
state what it is meant by the key term - Henry's law
the quantity of a gas that will be dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and it's solubility coefficient
50
state 2 additional facts about Henry's law
1. gas to liquid, liquid to gas | 2. high to low pressure
51
state what it is meant by the key term - Fick's law
Vgas is proportional to the tissue area, the diffusion coefficient of that gas, the partial pressure gradient across the tissue, and is inversely proportional to tissue thickness
52
state the partial pressures of the gases in the atmosphere
PN2 - 574.9 mmHg PO2 - 158.8 mmHg PCO2 - 0.3 mmHg Pother - 3.5 mmHg
53
state the concentrations of the gases in the atmosphere
FLN2 - 78.60 % FLO2 - 20.89 % FLCO2 - 0.04 % FLother - 0.46 %
54
state the PPO2 traveling through the body
air - 160 mmHg alveoli - 105 mmHg lung capillaries - 100 mmHg cells - < 40 mmHg
55
state the PPCO2 traveling through the body
cell - > 46 mmHg lung capillaries - 40 mmHg alveoli - 40 mmHg air - 0.3 mmHg
56
how many times easier is it for CO2 to cross cell membranes than it is for O2
20x
57
state the 2 ways O2 travels in the blood
1. 1.5 % dissolved in blood plasma (as O2 is relatively insoluble in water) 2. 98.5 % oxyhemoglobin
58
state 2 additional facts about oxygen transport
1. only O2 dissolved in blood can diffuse into interstitial fluid from blood plasma 2. Hb is a transporter so does not contribute to PO2
59
state 2 facts about myoglobin saturation
1. almost 100 % saturation at venous PO2 | 2. at mitochondrial PO2, a small drop in PO2 causes myoglobin to release most of it's O2 for usage
60
state the 3 ways CO2 is transported in the blood
1. dissolved in blood plasma - 10 % 2. carbaminohemoglobin - 30 % 3. bicarbonate - 60 %
61
state the equation of CO2 to bicarbonate
CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3 ---> HCO3- + H+ carbon dioxide + water --> carbonic acid --> bicarbonate + proton
62
what controls ventilation
at rest, inspiration and expiration is mainly controlled by the brainstem (pons and medulla oblongata)
63
state the 2 types of chemoreceptors involved in ventilation
1. peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid and aortic) | 2. central (brain extracellular) chemoreceptors
64
state 2 facts about peripheral chemoreceptors
1. emergency detection of low O2 | 2. carotid receptor provides rapid response - Ph/CO2 detection system
65
state 1 fact about central (brain extracellular) chemoreceptors
slower response but more of a steady state control
Bsc Physiology (Year 1)
flashcards
Decks in class (34)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions