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Edexcel History A Level British Expirence Of Warfare 1790-1918 > The Second Boer War 1899-1902 > Flashcards

The Second Boer War 1899-1902 Flashcards

1
Q

In what year did Britain acquire the cape colony from the Netherlands

A

1815

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2
Q

In the 1830s, how many boers disliked aspects of British rule

A

5000 boers

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3
Q

What aspects of British rule did the boers dislike

A

The abolition of slavery

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4
Q

Where did the boers originally migrate towards

A

Natal

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5
Q

In what year did Britain annex natal

A

1843

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6
Q

Where did the boers migrate after the annexation Of natal

A

The orange free state and Transvaal

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7
Q

What state did the orange free state and Transvaal antagonise with their diaries for land

A

The Zulu’s

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8
Q

In what year did Britain decide it wanted to unite its South African colonies with the boer republics

A

1877

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9
Q

In what year did Britain take control of Transvaal and the zulu

A

1879

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10
Q

Who’s government decided to recognise Transvaal and the orange free state as autonomous nations following Britain defeat in the first boers war

A

Gladstone’s government

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11
Q

In what year did the Transvaal discover their gold deposits

A

1886

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12
Q

What was the economic causes for Britain to go to war with the boer republics

A

The gold deposits made Transvaal the richest colony in South Africa which threatened the economic balance of power.

With a strong economy, the boers may attempt try to take over the whole of Southern Africa

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13
Q

Who we’re the uitlanders

A

The Transvaal lacked the manpower and the industrial base to develop its goldmines

Many fled from the British colonies hoping to make their fortune in mining

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14
Q

Who long did the uitlanders have to reside in Transvaal before they could apply for naturalisation

A

14 years

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15
Q

What did the denial of voting of uitlanders provide the British government with

A

A pretext for interference in Transvaal

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16
Q

Who became the prime minster in 1885

A

Lord Salisbury

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17
Q

What were the priorities of lord Salisbury

A

Protecting the essential interest of Britain

Sercurity in the empire

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18
Q

Who did lord Salisbury appoint as colonial secretary

A

Joseph chamberlain

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19
Q

What did Joseph chamberlain advocate for

A

A more cohesive British empire, bound together by economic interest with a viable imperial parliament

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20
Q

What year did Cecil roads arrive in cape colony

A

1870

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21
Q

In what year did Cecil roads establish a powerful gold-mining company in Transvaal

A

1887

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22
Q

In what year did Cecil Rhodes become the prime minister of cape colony

A

1890

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23
Q

What famous quote did Cecil Rhodes say regarding Britain

A

Britain were “the first race in the world and that more the of the world that they inhabit, the better for the human race”

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24
Q

In 1895, what did Rhodes encourage

A

Uitlander’s to agitate for voting rights in Transvaal

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25
Q

What was the aim of the Jameson raid 1895

A

Rhodes would seize Johannesburg, trigger an uprising of the Uitlander s and overthrow Kruger

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26
Q

Did the Jameson raid succeed

A

No, after a brief skirmish, Rhodes surrenderd

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27
Q

What was the outcome of the Jameson raid 1895

A

Rhodes had to resign as prime-minister

Transvaal and the orange free state signed the military pact of 1897 being a bigger threat to the British empire

Kruger started to arm the Transvaal with the best European weaponry

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28
Q

In what year did Britain sent Alfred Milner as a high commissioner of South Africa

A

1897

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29
Q

What was the ultimatum that Alfred Milner have to the boers

A

Uitlander’s must be granted for citizenship

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30
Q

When did limber and Kruger met at the Bloemfontein conference

A

31 may 1899

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31
Q

What did Kruger do in response to milliners demands

A

Rejected giving the uitlanders full citizenship and stuck to his gun

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32
Q

What ultimatum did Kruger send to the British government on the 9th October 1899

A

That all British troops be withdrawn from the Transvaal boarder within 48 hours

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33
Q

What date did Kruger declare war in the British empire

A

11th October 1899

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34
Q

How many troops did Britain have in 1899

A

135,000 men

(the small amount was the result of the professionalisation of the army being its main aim since the 1870’s and not to bolster numbers)

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35
Q

What were the problems facing the British army in 1899

A

There was a shortage of ammunition

It had an inadequate supply of khaki uniforms (only suitable colour for conflict in South Africa)

Intelligence and staff were inadequate

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36
Q

How many troops did the boer army have in 1899

A

60,000 men

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37
Q

How was the boer army structured

A

It was a civilian militia

All male adults in a district were expected to form a commando bringing their own horses and weapons to battle.

Those who couldn’t afford a weapon were given a rifle by the state

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38
Q

What was the excellent rifle that the Boer were armed with

A

The smokeless missed rifle from Germany

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39
Q

How many troops did sir George white have

A

10,000

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40
Q

Where were the 10,000 strong Indian army shipped to

A

Natal (previously annexed by the British)

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41
Q

When did sir George white arrive in natal

A

7th October 1899

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42
Q

What was sir George whites main goal

A

To prevent the boers from marching in Durban

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43
Q

How many boers invaded Durban

A

35,000

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44
Q

When did the British first army corps set sail from Southampton to cape colony

A

12th October

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45
Q

When did the boers begging the artillery at the battle for ladysmith

A

20th October 1899

46
Q

How many British casualties were the result of the Ladysmith counterattack

A

446

47
Q

After pushing the boers back to Talana Hill at the battle of ladysmith, where did George white and his army retreat to

A

Back to the town of ladysmith

48
Q

White was surrounded by boer siege guns in ladysmith, what did he do?

A

Ordered a major sortie against enemy positions (the battle of Modderspruit)

49
Q

How many British were captured and killed at the battle of Modderspruit

A

140 killed

1000 captured

50
Q

When the boers crosses over into cape colony, How many British soldiers were defending

A

7000

51
Q

How many cape Dutch joined the invading commandos in cape colony

A

10,000

52
Q

What was the outcome of the Dutch joining the commandos

A

Milner services permission to declare martial law in the most disaffected districts

53
Q

What two victories did methane achieve in the counter-offensive

A

Belmont and Graspan

54
Q

How many British casualties followed the counter-offensive in “black week”

A

3000 casualties

55
Q

Following black week, how many British troops were sent to cape colony

A

180,000 troops

56
Q

How many volunteers from British Africa, Austrians, Canadians, New Zealand came forward following black week

A

30000

57
Q

When did lord Roberts arrive in cape colony

A

January 1900

58
Q

What did lord Robert insist on in his new tactical guidelines

A

Careful reconnaissance

The avoidance of frontal attacks in mass formations

More use of cover to cover fighting by infantry

59
Q

When was the Transvaal formally annexed by Britain

A

3 September 1900

60
Q

How many boers resistance fighter remained under British control

A

20,000

61
Q

Why were boer commandos sent to their home districts in the new resistance

A

They could rely on local support and had knowledge of the terrain

62
Q

What was the tactic of the boers resistance

A

To strike fast and hard, causing as much damage as possible the disappear before British reinforcements could show up

63
Q

What was the impact of the boers guerrilla tactics

A

A disorganised pattern of engagements and meant their was large social unrest as the 250,000 British soldiers were unable to determine were they would strike next

64
Q

What did Kitchener order be built around cape colony to protect supply routes from boer raids

A

8000 fortified blockhouses linked with barbed wire fences stretching 4000 miles

65
Q

What was the scorched earth policy

A

Kitchener order that all property that could aid the boers be destroyed

British troops swept the countryside, destroying properties and burning farmland causing a nation wide famine

66
Q

What did Britain do in response to the famine to house women and children

A

They built concentration camps

67
Q

How many boer women and children died in the British concentration camps

A

20,000 (1/4 innmates) from food and medical shortages

68
Q

Which political party denounced the concentration camps

A

The liberal party (formally the Whig party)

69
Q

Who defended the existence of the camps

A

The war sectary, John Broderick

70
Q

Following public outcry in Britain, what did the government commission

A

The Kitchener report

71
Q

What did the Kitchener report confirm

A

That the death rates in the camps were very high (the opposite of what the government intended)

72
Q

How many black people served the British in the boer war by 1902

A

30,000

73
Q

What treaty ended the second boer war on 31 may 1902

A

Treaty of Vereeniging

74
Q

What was the outcome of the treaty of Vereeniging

A

The annexation of the orange free state and Transvaal

75
Q

How many lives did the boer war cost

A

60,000 lives

76
Q

Overall, how many does in the concentration camps

A

20,000 boer civilians and 12,000 black Africans

77
Q

How much did the boer war cost

A

£217 million

78
Q

Did the British public support the boer war

A

In 1899, most did support the Boer war but the fact that it dragged on for 3 years and concerns about the concentration camps led to increasing concern

79
Q

Following the parliamentary reform acts 1867 and 1884, what percentage of men were allowed to vote

A

60% of adult males had the vote

80
Q

In the 1890s, how many British MPs were from aristocratic and landed backgrounds

A

More than half

81
Q

What political ideals were the liberal party aligned to

A

Nonconformity

82
Q

Which religion were the Conservative party alleged with

A

The Church of England

83
Q

In 1886, what did Gladstone commit parliament to do in regards to Irish autonomy

A

Committed the liberal party to setting up an Irish parliament

84
Q

Why was Gladstone unable to pass his home rule bill giving Ireland sovereignty

A

A third of the liberal party opposed it (liberal-unionists) and the Conservative party also opposed it meaning he was unable to find a majority

85
Q

What was the outcome of the 1895 election

A

The Conservative-unionists won a landslide victory led by lord salisbury

86
Q

How many seats did the conservatives win in the 1895 election

A

341 seats

87
Q

How many seats did the liberal-unionists win in 1895

A

70 seats

88
Q

What was the “mission” justification for the British colonial rule

A

The strong belief that British rule improved the quality of life of “lower races”

89
Q

How many dailiy newspapers were published in the 1890’s

A

There were 150 papers catering for the tastes of an expanding reading public

90
Q

When was the daily mail launched

A

1896

91
Q

How launched the daily mail

A

Alfred hammsworth

92
Q

How much did the daily mail cost

A

Half a penny

93
Q

What was the average cost of established papers

A

A penny

94
Q

What was the circulation of the daily mail in 1900

A

Nearly a million

95
Q

What was the outcome of the increasing popularity of the daily mail

A

Other papers had to drop their prices to stay competitive

Newspapers appeared in imitation of the daily mail

96
Q

What was the daily mails stance on the boer war

A

It was extremely imperialist, marketing it the “voice of the empire”

97
Q

Who filed reports for the morning post , using his experiences in the boers war to launch their political career

A

Winston Churchill

98
Q

What camera was used in 1896 by war photographers to capture the horrors of the boer war

A

Pocket and bullet Kodak’s

99
Q

What camera was released in 1900

A

The cheaper brownie camera

100
Q

What was invented in 1895, which allowed the public to see moving pictures of Southern Africa

A

The bioscope

101
Q

How many cheered the First Army Corps as they left Southampton on 12th October 1899

A

Half a million

102
Q

What political groups opposed the war

A

Liberals, socialists and Irish nationalists

103
Q

What newspapers opposed the war

A

The Manchester guardian, the morning star, the daily news

104
Q

Why did radical liberals attack the boer war

A

They conceived it to be moral wrong

105
Q

In 1900, which religious institution banned all discussion of the boer war

A

The organising committee of the national council of free churches

106
Q

What was the only religious group that opposers the war

A

Quackers

107
Q

When was the “khaki” election

A

September 1900

108
Q

What did chamberlain claim in the 1900 election

A

“Every vote against the government is a vote given to the boers”

109
Q

Why did the liberal perform so badly in the “khaki” election

A

They were a very disorganised party at this period and struggled to field candidates because it was in financial dfficulties

110
Q

In 1901, what economic measures did the council of the exchequer (Michael hicks) introduce to fund the boer war

A

Put a tax on refined sugar

Imposed a shelling levy on coal exports

Raised income tax

2/3 of the war was funded by government borrowing

111
Q

What was the result of the 1906 election

A

The liberal won an overwhelming majority of 400 seats

112
Q

Why did the liberals perform so well in the 1906 election

A

The conservatives were dived on tariff reforms

The public were outraged when the found out about the concentration camps and the attrocities commuted by the British in South Africa

Edexcel History A Level British Expirence Of Warfare 1790-1918 (6 decks)

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