The Skeleton, Muscles and Movement Flashcards
1
Q
what do the skeleton and muscles make up?
A
the musculoskeletal system
2
Q
what controls the musculoskeletal system
A
the nervous system
3
Q
endoskeleton is made of
A
bone and cartilage
4
Q
2 parts of the endoskeleton
A
axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton
5
Q
axial skeleton
A
skull, vertebrae, sternum and ribs
6
Q
appendicular skeleton
A
bones of arms and legs, pelvic and pectoral girdles
7
Q
how many bones in the skull
A
22
8
Q
cranium
A
bones are protected by fixed joints called sutures
9
Q
function of cranium
A
protects brain, eye and ear
10
Q
jaws
A
fixed upper jaw and moveable lower jar
11
Q
function of jaws
A
holds the teeth
12
Q
what does the vetebral column consist of?
A
33 bones held together by ligaments
13
Q
what separate vertebrae?
A
discs of cartilage
14
Q
function of discs
A
allow friction-free movement and act as shock absorbers
15
Q
is the backbone flexible
A
yes, as the vertebrae can move slightly
16
Q
function of the vertebral column
A
encloses and protects the spinal cord
17
Q
all of the vertebrae
A
6 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 4 caudal
18
Q
cervical
A
neck
19
Q
function of cervical
A
support for skull
20
Q
thoracic
A
chest
21
Q
function of thoracic
A
allow movement of ribs
22
Q
lumbar
A
small of back
23
Q
function of lumbar
A
strong support for abdominal region
24
Q
function of sacral
A
fused together, strong support for hip girdle
25
function of caudal
fused to form coccyx
26
how do discs protect the vertebrae
they act as shock absorbers
27
type of process for attachment of muscles
transverse process
28
3 parts of a single vertebra
neural canal
neural spine
articulation surface
29
neural canal
spinal cord lies here
30
neural spine
for attachment of muscles
31
how many ribs
12 pairs
32
each pair of ribs
attached to a separate vertebra
33
back side
dorsal side
34
front side
ventral side
35
first 7 pairs of ribs at the front
attached directly to the sternum
36
ribs 8-10 at the front
attached to the sternum indirectly by cartilage
37
ribs 11-12 at the front
not attached to the sternum (floating ribs)
38
2 girdles
pectoral girdle
| pelvic girdle
39
2 parts of the pectoral girdle
scapula (shoulder blade) and clavicle (collar bone)
40
how is the pectoral girdle attached to the vertebral column
by muscles
41
how is the arm attached to the pectoral girdle
ball and socket joint
42
what does the pelvic girdle consist of?
6 fused bones attached to the sacrum
43
the pelvic girdle surrounds...
a hollow cavity called the pelvis
44
how is the leg attached to the pelvic girdle
by a ball and socket
45
fore-limb
arm
46
hind-limb
leg
47
5 functions of the skeleton
```
support
protection
movement
production of blood cells
stores calcium
```
48
support of the skeleton
the rigid skeleton holds the body upright and gives it shape, forms the framework of the body
49
protection of the skeleton
skull protects the brain
backbone protects spinal cord
ribcage protects heart and lungs
50
movement of the skeleton
muscles attached the bones by tendons, when muscles contract, they pull bones causing movement
51
production of blood cells by the skeleton
red and white blood cells and platelets are made in red bone marrow
52
2 skeletal tissues
cartilage
| bone
53
what is cartilage?
a living tissue, consisting of cells and protein fibres embedded in a rubbery matrix
54
describe cartilage
strong and flexible
55
where is cartilage found 3
pinna of ear
trachea
intervertebral discs
56
what is bones
bone is a living tissue, much harder than cartilage, most of the adult skeleton is comprised of bone
57
long bones
shaft and expanded cells. has a central cavity called the medullary cavity surrounded by compact bones, the ends have spongy bone surrounded by compact bone and a layer of cartilage
58
3 parts of a long bone
compact bone
spongy bone
bone marrow
59
compact bone
a tough, dense outer layer of bone
60
what does compact bone consist of?
bone cells called osteoblasts embedded in a matrix of protein fibres (collagen), hardened with calcium salts and phosphates.
61
what are bone cells supplied with?
blood vessels and nerve fibres
62
function of compact bone
gives strength and rigidity
63
spongy bone
found in the ends of long bones
64
what does spongy bone consist of?
bony bars and plates with spaces filled with bone marrow
65
function of spongy bone
gives strength and rigidity without adding too much weight
66
2 types of bone marrow
red marrow
| yellow marrow
67
red marrow found in
ribs, pelvis, vertebrae and spaces between spongy bone
68
function of red marrow
produced red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
69
yellow marrow
inactive marrow
70
where is yellow marrow found
in the medullary cavity of long bones
71
function of yellow marry
stores fate
72
the skeleton of the human embryo is first composed of
fat
73
replacement by bone in embryo
in the 8th week - ossification
74
bone-forming cells
osteoblasts
75
function of osteoblasts
secrete protein fibres which form a matrix in which the bone cells become embedded
76
how do the protein fibres become hardened?
with the addition of calcium salts
77
function of protein fibres
give the bone flexibility
78
function of calcium salts
give the bone strength
79
when do osteoblasts become dormant?
when embedded in the hardened bone material and they are known as osteocytes
80
growth in length of bone
occurs in growth plate (made of cartilage)
81
where is the growth plate found?
between the head and the shaft of the bone
82
what happens in the growth plate?
cartilage is continuously made and converted into bone by osteoblasts
83
growth stimulated by
growth hormone from pituitary gland
84
in adulthood, what happens to the growth plate?
it is replaced by bone and the bone no longer increases in length - this determines the height of the person
85
does bone formation stop in adulthood?
no, throughout life, bone is continually broken down and replaced again
86
osteoclasts
cells that break down bone and release calcium into blood
87
osteoblasts
form new bone
88
continued renewal of bone depends on
exercise, diet, age and hormones (sec and growth)
89
effect of physical activity on bone
bones become thick and strong when stressed
90
lack of stress on bones
causes them to become thin
91
calcium and vitamin D
essential in the diet, especially up to age 35 where bone density reaches its maximum
92
osteoporosis
a disorder of the musculoskeletal system where bone density decreases (porous bones)
93
what is osteoporosis
a loss of bone cells, collagen and minerals from bone - causes bones to become brittle and break easily
94
what causes osteoporosis
lack of exercise, lack of calcium, genetic makeup, ageing (fall of oestrogen at menopause
95
3 forms of treatment for osteoporosis
weight bearing exercise
increased calcium and vitamin D in diet
hormone treatment (HRT - oestrogen)
96
prevention of osteoporosis
diet rich in calcium and vitamin D
| exercise to stress the bones
97
where 2 bones meet
join
98
joints are classified by
the movement that they allow
99
3 types of joints
immovable joint
slightly movable joint
freely movable or synovial joint
100
immovable joint
bones fused together
101
where can you find immovable joints
skull, bones in pelvic girdle
102
function of immovable joints
protection and strength
103
slightly moveable joint found
between vertebrae
104
slightly moveable joint in vertebrae
vertebrae held by ligaments and separated by discs of cartilage
105
function of slightly moveable joint
allows limited movement but still protects the spinal nerves
106
4 types of freely movable or synovial joint
ball and socket
hinge
gliding
pivot
107
ball and socket joint
found in hip and shoulder
108
function of ball and socket joint
allows movement in 3 planes
109
hinge joint
in elbow and knee
110
function of hinge joint
allows movement in one place
111
gliding joint
in wrist and ankle
112
pivot joint
in neck
113
in a synovial joint: ends of bones
enclosed in a fibrous capsule, part of the capsule is modified to form ligaments
114
ligaments
hold bone to bone
115
in a synovial joint: inside of capsule
lined with synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid
116
synovial fluid
acts as a lubricant, preventing friction in the joint during movement
117
in a synovial joint: ends of bone covered
covered with a layer of smooth cartilage (articular cartilage). helps to prevent friction and acts as a shock absorber
118
arthritis
a skeletal disorder where there is inflammation or swelling in a joint
119
1 common form of arthritis
osteoarthritis
120
causes of arthritis
cartilage covering the ends of the bones is worn down due to wear and tear, injury, disease or age
bone underneath enlarges and more synovial fluid forms, joint becomes swollen and stiff
121
prevention of arthritis 3
reduce damage to joints by;
avoiding running on hard ground
using proper footwear when running
avoid too much strain and injury of joints
122
treatment of arthritis 4
rest the joint
exercise to retain mobility
anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce the swelling
replacement of joint by surgery
123
muscles
the contractile tissues of the body - bring about movement
124
3 types of muscles
smooth
skeletal
cardiac
125
2 other words for smooth muscle
unstriped or involuntary muscle
126
smooth muscle causes
slow, involuntary movements
127
smooth muscle found in
walls of arteries, veins, gut, uterus, bladder etc,
128
skeletal muscle aka
striped or voluntary muscle
129
skeletal muscle causes
quick, voluntary movements
130
skeletal muscle found in
attached to skeleton eg. biceps, triceps
131
cardiac muscle
contracts rhythmically without getting fatigued
132
cardiac muscle found in
wall of heart
133
skeletal muscles connected to bone by,
tough, inelastic tendons
134
antagonistic muscles
pairs of muscles that have opposing effects
135
1 pair of antagonistic muscles
biceps and triceps
136
bicep contracts tricep relaxes
raises forearm (flexor)
137
tricep contracts bicep relaxes
lowers forearm (extensor)
