The Stallion

Question 1

What % motility must sperm be to considered in puberty?

Answer 1

> 10%

Question 2

What is the quantity of sperm in ejaculate?

Answer 2

50x10^6 sperm

Question 3

What are 2 indicators of sexual maturity?

Answer 3

1. Testicular size

2. Number of sperm

Question 4

What is the most common method of sperm collection?

Answer 4

Artificial vagina

Question 5

Name 6 things that are analysed in sperm?

Answer 5

1. Semen volume
2. Sperm concentration
3. Total sperm number
4. Motility
5. Morphology
6. Colour

Question 6

Semen ____, sperm ______, total sperm _____, m______, m_____ and c___ are all methods of semen analysis.

Answer 6

Semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm number, motility, morphology and colour are all methods of semen analysis.

Question 7

What 2 factors influence semen volume?

Answer 7

1, Season

2. Sexual stimulation

Question 8

What is the pH range of semen?

Answer 8

7.2-7.9

Question 9

What is the most accurate method of determining sperm concentration?

Answer 9

Nucleocounter

Question 10

What are the 4 abnormalities in sperm are there?

Answer 10

1. Head defects
2. Midpiece defects
3. Tail defects
4. Cytoplasmic droplets

Question 11

H____ defects, M_____ defects, T__ defects and C____ d___ are abnormalities in sperm

Answer 11

Head defects, midpiece defects, tail defects and cytoplasmic droplets are abnormalities in sperm.

Question 12

What are the 2 stains used to visualise sperm?

Answer 12

1. Eosin-nigrosin

2. Buffered formalin saline (wet mount)

Question 13

What are the 3 examination methods to assess the testes?

Answer 13

1. US
2. Measurement
3. Palpation

Question 14

What are 2 methods used to examine internal genitals of the stallion?

Answer 14

1. Palpation per rectum

2. Ultrasound

Question 15

What are 2 factors that are examined to determine daily sperm output (DSO)?

Answer 15

1. Testicular measurements

2. Number of spermatozoa produced per day

Question 16

What 2 things are used to assess sperm quality?

Answer 16

1. Morphology

2. Motility

Question 17

Name 3 factors play a part in daily sperm output?

Answer 17

1. Testis volume
2. Age
3. Health
4. Season

Question 18

What 3 bacterial venereal diseases are considered pathogenic?

Answer 18

1. Taylorella equigenitalis
2. Klebsiella pneumoniae
3. Pseudomona aeroginosa

Question 19

Is semen quality affected with EHV-3?

Answer 19

No

Question 20

What are the 3 criteria set for a breeding soundness exam?

Answer 20

1. No abnormalities
2. No venereal diseases
3. > 1x10^9 sperm in 2nd ejaculate

Question 21

How many mares should be in a stallion’s book if AI is the preferred breeding method?

Answer 21

120-140 mares

Question 22

How many mares should be in a stallion’s book if natural breeding is done?

Answer 22

40-45 mares

Question 23

What is the minimum progressive motility for commercial AI?

Answer 23

30% - 35%

Question 24

What is the minimum % of normal morphology of sperm?

Answer 24

> 60%

Question 25

What are 2 methods of diagnosis used for equine viral arteritis?

Answer 25

1. Viral isolation | 2. Serology

Question 26

Is there a vaccine for equine viral arteritis?

Answer 26

Yes

Question 27

The equine viral arteritis vaccine is suitable for ____ and _____

Answer 27

The equine arteritis vaccine is suitable for mares pre-breeding and colts at 6 months.

Question 28

What is a risk factor of semen abnormalities?

Answer 28

Large testes

Question 29

What is a hallmark sign of a semen abnormalities?

Answer 29

Detached heads

Question 30

What are 2 drugs that can be given to treat a plugged ampullae?

Answer 30

1. Prostaglandin | 2. Oxytocin

Question 31

What causes penile haematoma?

Answer 31

Rupture of the tunica albuginea

Question 32

Which tranquilizer causes priapism?

Answer 32

Acepromazine

Question 33

What drug is used to treat priapism?

Answer 33

Benztropin mesylate

Question 34

What is priapism?

Answer 34

Constant erection

Question 35

What are the 3 treatment options for neoplasia?

Answer 35

1. Surgical excision 2. Cryotherapy 3. Chemotherapy

Question 36

How is habronemiasis transmitted?

Answer 36

Flies

Question 37

What are the 2 main signs of habronemiasis?

Answer 37

1. Granulation tissue (cauliflower) | 2. Hematuria

Question 38

What does the granulation tissue resemble with habronemiasis?

Answer 38

Cauliflower

Question 39

Name 3 drugs that can be used to habronemiasis?

Answer 39

1. Ivermectin 2. Moxidectin 3. Prednisone

Question 40

What can cause haematocele?

Answer 40

Trauma during breeding

Question 41

What is the main aim for treating haematocele?

Answer 41

Control inflammation

Question 42

What drugs are used to reduce inflammation caused by haematocele?

Answer 42

NSAIDs, antibiotics

Question 43

What is the most common abnormality of sexual development of a stallion?

Answer 43

Cryptorchidism

Question 44

What are the 2 types of cryptorchidism?

Answer 44

1. Inguinal | 2. Abdominal

Question 45

What is the main indicative hormone in a hormone assay to aid in diagnosis of cryptorchidism?

Answer 45

AMH hormone

Question 46

Above what rotation does vascular compromise occur with spermatic cord torsion?

Answer 46

>180 degrees

Question 47

Above what rotation does complete vascular occlusion occur with spermatic cord torsion?

Answer 47

>360 degrees

Question 48

What are 2 signs of spermatic cord torsion?

Answer 48

1. Colic | 2. Scrotal swelling

Question 49

Below what rotation of spermatic cord torsion is manual correction possible?

Answer 49

<360 degrees

Question 50

Above what rotation of spermatic cord torsion must manual removal of the testis be done?

Answer 50

>360 degrees