Theoretical foundations

Question 1

What is hegemonic masculinity?

Answer 1

The masculinity that is at the top of the gender hierarchy in a given social context, guaranteeing the dominant position of men and the subordination of women.
Hegemonic masculinity justifies and obscures gender inequality.

Question 2

What does hegemonic masculinity establish over other masculinities?

Answer 2

Hegemony through a combination of force and consent. This process involves people agreeing with the configuration of masculinity and society.

Question 3

Do most men perfectly enact hegemonic masculinity?

Answer 3

No, most men do not perfectly enact hegemonic masculinity; it is considered an ideal type. (weber)

This concept is derived from Weber’s theory.

Question 4

How does hegemonic masculinity change?

Answer 4

It changes with historical conditions and differs across social contexts.

Question 5

What are the three scales of hegemonic masculinity?

Answer 5

Each scale is constructed within different contexts: global (transnational), regional (national), and local (communities or institutions).

Question 6

What function do hegemonic masculinities serve across different social contexts?

Answer 6

They legitimize gender inequality.

Question 7

Is hegemonic masculinity merely a trait or behavior?

Answer 7

No, it is how those traits justify and reinforce gender inequality within a particular gender system.

Question 8

True or False: All configurations of hegemonic masculinity involve physical violence.

Answer 8

False. Not all configurations involve traits typically considered hypermasculine.

Question 9

What are the three types of non-hegemonic masculinity?

Answer 9

Subordinated masculinities, complicit masculinities, and marginalized masculinities.
These configurations exist in relation to hegemonic masculinity and differ across social contexts.

Question 10

Define subordinated masculinities.

Answer 10

Configurations of masculinity with the least power and influence, such as gay men.

Question 11

What are complicit masculinities?

Answer 11

Configurations of masculinity that benefit from the subordination of women but do not necessarily actively support or resist it.

Question 12

What do marginalized masculinities involve?

Answer 12

Intersections of gender with marginalized race and class statuses.

Question 13

Fill in the blank: The concepts of hegemonic, subordinated, complicit, and marginalized masculinities are important but focus on the bigger takeaways that masculinities exist in relation to each other and to _______.

Answer 13

femininities.

Question 14

What are dominant masculinities?

Answer 14

The most celebrated, common, widespread, or current form of masculinity in a particular social setting, not necessarily linked to gender hegemony.
Unlike hegemonic masculinity, they do not legitimize gender inequality.

Question 15

How can within-person masculinities vary?

Answer 15

Individuals can enact different configurations of masculinity depending on the context.

Question 16

Define emphasised femininity

Answer 16

a feminized form that adapts to masculine power, encompassing both compliant and resistant forms.
receive power and status relative to other women through their relationship to hegemonic masculinity

Question 17

What are Nonhegemonic Masculinities?

Answer 17

Include complicit, subordinate, and marginalized forms, each contributing to the construction of hegemonic masculinity.

Question 18

What is the masculine overcompensation thesis?

Answer 18

When men feel that their masculinity is threatened, they often overcompensate through extreme behaviours and attitudes.

This concept highlights the psychological responses men may have to perceived threats to their gender identity.

Question 19

Why is masculinity easily threatened?

Answer 19

Because it is relative and hierarchical.
Willer and Robb suggest that the societal definitions of masculinity contribute to its vulnerability.

Question 20

What results from the strain of striving for masculinity?

Answer 20

Overcompensation and continual efforts to bolster masculinity.

This indicates a cycle of insecurity and the need for validation.

Question 21

How can emasculated men respond to their feelings of inadequacy?

Answer 21

They can become feminised.

Question 22

What behaviours did men exhibit when their gender identity was threatened?

Answer 22

Higher support for war, homophobia, purchasing SUVs, and dominance attitudes.

These behaviours are not solely due to political conservatism.

Question 23

What are the two types of threats that can affect men’s feelings of masculinity?

Answer 23

• Individual (e.g., being told they’re feminine)
• Structural (e.g., feeling that social changes threaten men’s status)

These threats can lead to increased masculine insecurity.

Question 24

What is benevolent sexism?

Answer 24

Justifying differences in treatment between men and women as being for the good of women and protecting them.

This concept reflects attitudes that can arise from feelings of insecurity in masculinity.

Question 25

How does the belief that men are losing power affect political support?

Answer 25

It increases support for conservative political candidates. ## Footnote Most research on this phenomenon is from the US context.

Question 26

What role does testosterone play in masculine attitudes?

Answer 26

Levels of men's testosterone were not associated with differences in attitudes unless men felt threatened. Higher testosterone men overcompensated when threatened, while lower testosterone men did not.

Question 27

What are manhood acts?

Answer 27

Acts aimed at claiming privilege, eliciting defense, and resisting exploitation. These acts are a way for men to assert their masculinity.

Question 28

What are some examples of the enactment of masculinity?

Answer 28

* Strict regulation of emotion * Expression of desire for girls/women * Physical aggression (in certain circumstances) behaviours vary among individuals based on context and societal expectations.

Question 29

What factors can affect how men enact hegemonic masculinity?

Answer 29

Race, social class, body type, and skill. These factors influence an individual's ability to perform the dominant forms of masculinity.

Question 30

What is a common theme in the desire to enact masculinity?

Answer 30

The desire to claim an identity as a member of a privileged gender group. This desire drives men to perform credible manhood acts.

Question 31

Is masculinity limited to a particular type of body?

Answer 31

No, masculinity is not limited to a particular type of body. ## Footnote There are common threads in the acts of enacting masculinity across different bodies.

Question 32

What can prevent scholars from understanding masculinity?

Answer 32

Getting lost in terms and definitions. Clarity in language is essential for studying gender dynamics effectively.

Question 33

How do men act as the gender police according to Willer and Robb?

Answer 33

- Homophobia comes from fear among men that others will detect their insufficient masculinity - Fear itself source of shame and must be hidden with bold displays of strength and masculinity

Question 34

What did Willer and Robb find?

Answer 34

- Men whose masculinity was threatened did express stronger dominance attitudes than unthreatened men - levels of testosterone do not typically have significant main effects but in combination with social stimuli like masculinity/ status threats, can have quite strong interaction effects

Question 35

What is the primary focus of the article regarding Filipino seafarers? ## Footnote Turgo Nelson

Answer 35

The performance of masculinity and the influence of structural verities on their masculinities. It emphasizes the multiplicity of situationally specific masculinities, or “masculinity shift,” performed by seafarers.

Question 36

What does the term 'masculinity shift' refer to in the context of Filipino seafarers?

Answer 36

Strategies to mitigate employment precarity. It highlights how seafarers adapt their masculine performances in response to economic and cultural influences.

Question 37

What research methods did the author use to study Filipino seafarers?

Answer 37

Fieldwork including sailing on merchant ships and conducting interviews

Question 38

What challenges threaten the hegemonic masculinity of Filipino seafarers?

Answer 38

Competition from other countries, stricter regulations, and concerns about working conditions. These challenges highlight the precarious nature of their work despite their significant economic contributions.

Question 39

How do Filipino seafarers adapt their masculine identity in response to precarious employment?

Answer 39

By disciplining their bodies and emotions, avoiding conflict, and refraining from risky behaviors. These strategies aim to secure employment and maintain status and income.

Question 40

What is the power dynamic faced by Filipino seafarers on board ships?

Answer 40

They often occupy the lowest ranks, leading to a power imbalance. This imbalance influences their masculine expression and prioritization of job security.

Question 41

What is the new perspective on emotional expression among Filipino seafarers?

Answer 41

They have become more accepting of emotional expression as a normal part of masculinity. viewed as a means of self-preservation and minimizing risk at sea.

Question 42

Fill in the blank: Filipino seafarers are celebrated as heroes for their economic contributions, embodying _______ through their ability to provide for their families.

Answer 42

[hegemonic masculinity]

Question 43

True or False: Filipino seafarers prioritize confrontations with officers over job security.

Answer 43

False. They prioritize job security and future opportunities even when mistreated.

Question 44

What does the article contribute to the understanding of masculinity in the maritime industry?

Answer 44

It challenges rigid notions of hegemonic masculinity and showcases the dynamic nature of masculinity among seafarers.

Question 45

What are hybrid masculinities?

Answer 45

- selective incorporation of elements of identity typically associated with various marginalised and subordinated masculinities/ femininities into privileged men's gender performances - can appear as softer and more progressive forms of masculinity.

Question 46

How do hybrid masculinities impact inequalities?

Answer 46

They may reduce inequalities in some ways and reinforce them in others. reflects the enduring nature of inequality.

Question 47

Who often enacts hybrid masculinities?

Answer 47

Men with structural advantages related to socioeconomic class, race, ability, nationality, and/or sexuality. These men often have greater leeway in how they enact masculinity.

Question 48

What are common behaviors associated with hybrid masculinities?

Answer 48

* Symbolically distancing oneself from certain types of men * Appropriating elements from marginalised/subordinated masculinities * Not challenging structural inequality --> pessimistic framework.

Question 49

What does the hybrid masculinity framework examine?

Answer 49

It examines how configurations of masculinity that appear to be progressive may reinforce inequalities in new ways. does not suggest that all masculinities are inherently bad.

Question 50

What social changes have been observed in relation to masculinity?

Answer 50

* Overt prejudice has declined * More men claim to support gender equality and LGBTQ equality * More men express emotional vulnerability and a desire for emotional connection

Question 51

What is black professional hybrid masculinity?

Answer 51

* Involves egalitarian financial and domestic responsibilities * Reinforces benevolent sexism by emphasizing women's need for protection * Redefines norms of marital masculinity by prioritizing protecting over providing High social status allows some black men to navigate conventional masculinity more flexibly.

Question 52

What was revealed in interviews regarding contraceptive management?

Answer 52

Women were seen as primary bearers of contraceptive responsibility --> Men highlighted women's agency while still mobilizing patriarchal discourse.

Question 53

Can hegemonic masculinity be hybrid?

Answer 53

Yes, hybrid masculinity can be hegemonic as it reinforces inequality in subtle ways. can still uphold traditional power structures.

Question 54

What fears do many young, progressive men have regarding their masculinity?

Answer 54

* Making less than a woman partner * Women rejecting their advances * Women controlling a relationship * Women not needing men * Engaging in perceived feminine activities * Being physically overpowered * Not having as much sex as other men * Expressing vulnerable emotions These fears reflect anxieties about masculinity in contemporary society.

Question 55

What does inclusive masculinity theory suggest about men's behavior?

Answer 55

Men can be softer when alone with female partners or friends. Masculinity is often enacted in front of other men, leading to regulation in gender expression.

Question 56

What does Inclusive Masculinity Theory (IMT) explain according to Anderson, McCormack?

Answer 56

Changing dynamics of male peer group cultures among young straight men in the US and UK. IMT focuses on how these dynamics are influenced by societal attitudes toward homosexuality.

Question 57

What is a key factor driving the shift towards more inclusive masculinities according to IMT?

Answer 57

Decreasing homohysteria. decrease is attributed to improving attitudes towards homosexuality and broader social changes.

Question 58

What evidence suggests that homophobia is declining?

Answer 58

Attitudinal shifts and legal changes ## Footnote These shifts indicate a broader societal acceptance of diverse sexual orientations.

Question 59

What is debated about the concept of 'inclusive masculinities'?

Answer 59

Whether it represents real social change or a form of 'hybrid masculinity'. The latter may reproduce inequality even while appearing inclusive.