Psychoanalytic
- Freud
- Id, ego, superego
- energy -> Id -> pleasure principle
- ego -> reality principle
- superego -> internalized ethics
Techniques: free association, dreams interpretation
Multicultural issues: many multicultural clients want short term, solution focused counseling
Object relations theory
- based on psychoanalytic concepts
- interpersonal relations
- term “object” means significant person that is target of one’s feelings
- OR are relationships that shape individuals interactions with others, both in reality and fantasy
Four broad stages in first 3 years of life:
1. Fusion with mother (3-4w)
2. Symbiosis with mother (3-8m)
3. Separation/individuation (4-5m)
4. Constancy of self and object (by 36m)
Child develops trust that needs will be met.
Person centered / Rogerian
- against psychoanalytic
- focus on individuals world, process of becoming
- self-actualization
- relationship with counselor is critical
**unconditional positive regard, congruence/genuineness and empathetic understanding make effective counseling
Books: counseling and psychotherapy, on becoming a person
Multicultural issues: lack of counselor direction, breaking down barriers, more structure may be wanted
Gestalt / Frederick “Fritz” Perls
- based on existential principles
- here and now focus
- a “need” is a “figure” and other needs are “ground” - once need is met it completes the gestalt and a new need takes its place
- goal is for individuals to become whole beings, to complete gestalts
- focus on personal responsibility, awareness of the now
Techniques: role playing, two chair techniques, dream work
Multicultural issues: high stress on feelings
Individual psychology (Adler and Dreikurs)
- uniqueness of every individual influenced by social factors
- everyone has sense of inferiority and strives for superiority
- we choose a lifestyle
Techniques: life histories, homework and paradoxical intentions
Transactional analysis / Eric Berne
- personality has three ego states: Parent, adult, child
- a life script develops in childhood and influences behavior
- complimentary transactions (good) vs. Crossed transactions (bad)
Techniques: teaching concepts, helping diagnose, interpretation, use of contracts
Existential / May, Frankl, Yalom
- phenomenology -> study of our direct experiences
- we have freedom of choice and are responsible for our fate
- anxiety: threat of non-being / guilt: fail to fulfill potential
- goal is understanding of one’s being, who one is and who one is becoming
- client-centered techniques
- logotherapy -> motivation to find meaning, freedom of choice, personal responsibility
Multicultural issues: may not be helpful for cultures who have little personal choice and freedom
Cognitive and behavioral counseling / Wolfe, Meichenbaum, Beck, Bandura
- stimulus-response and stimulus-organism-response are basis
- belief that behavior is learned and can be unlearned then relearned
Techniques: operant, classical, modeling, problem-solving, decision-making
Multicultural issues: works well Bc it examines cultural conflicts and teaches new behaviors. Therapist must understand clients world, client may become dependent
Dialectical behavior therapy / Marsha Linehan
- originally created for Borderline PD
- compliment with group work
- helping clients increase emotional and cognitive regulation by learning triggers that lead to undesirable behaviors
- long- term intervention
Skills: mindfulness, distress tolerance, interpersonal effectiveness, emotion regulation
Rational emotive behavior therapy / Ellis
- it is not the events we experience, but our interpretation of the events
- potential for rational thinking
- belief system, self-talk and “crooked thinking” are major concepts
- self-talk is source of emotional disturbance
ABCDE
A - external event (action)
B - belief in self-verbalization
C - consequent affect (rational or irr)
D - disputing of irrational behavior
E - effect (cognitive) - change in self-verbalization
Techniques: role playing and imagery
Multimodal therapy / Lazarus
- behavioral ties
- to determine total human functioning:
BASIC ID - behaviors (acts)
- affective responses (moods)
- sensations (5 senses)
- images (view of self, memories)
- cognitions (ideas, insights)
- interpersonal relationships
- drugs (biology / nutrition)
Techniques: anxiety-management, modeling, positive imagery, relaxation
Reality therapy / Glasser
- based on choice theory (we control the world around us / may not satisfy needs directly)
- individuals determine own fate
- our perceptions control our behavior
- 5 needs: survival, love, power, freedom, fun
- taking responsibility is key concept
Characteristics:
- choice and responsibility
- reject transference
- keep therapy in present
- avoid focusing on symptoms / focus on how to meet needs
- solution-focused approach
WDEP (Wubbolding)
Wants, discuss, self-evaluation, planning
Relational-cultural theory
- human growth develops with others, not solo
- connections are powerful
Judy Jordan believed we need to move from human growth mode of separation to relationship
Solution-focused brief therapy
- focus on present
- maintain positive orientation
- exceptions question, miracle question, scaling questions
- sessions maybe limited
- set specific goals
Narrative therapy
- clients lives are stories in progress
- counselor helps client to re-tell story from non-saturated POV
- questions and clarifications, deconstruction, re-authoring, writing letters
Differences between individual and family theories
- Locus of pathology: locus is not within the individual, but within the social context of the individual aka the family
- Focus of treatment interventions: on family
- Unit of treatment: on family
- Duration of treatment: brief counseling to resolve current family problems
(Family) Ludwig Vin Bergalanffy / systems theory
- organization and interrelating of the parts are important
- circular thinking
(Family) psychodynamic / Nate Ackerman & James Framo
- in new marriages, couples bring psychological heritage from origin
- family seeks homeostasis
Fro believed the social context of a persons life shaped behavior / believed in childhood object seeking
(Family) experiential / Carl Whitaker
- actively joins family and pays attention to his experience / uses that awareness for changes in family
- challenge old ways of behaving and create new growth
- use of symbolism
(Family) humanistic / Virginia satir
- families have resources within themselves to flourish, grow and develop / self-concept
- poor communication (discrepancies) blocks healthy functioning so Satir would serve as a teacher
Five different styles of communication: placater, blamer, super-reasonable, irrelevant, congruent (healthy)
Family systems theory / Murray Bowen
- family viewed as an emotional unit
- more than one generation was central / transgenerational
Eight concepts:
1. Differentiation of self: thinking processes vs feeling processes
2. Triangles: need for closeness and individuation / basic building block of family’s emotional system
3. Nuclear family emotional system: marital partners chose mates with equal levels of differentiation
4. Family projection process: unstable marital partners will focus on one of the children
5. Emotional cutoff: children involved in projection may try to escape
6. Multigenerational transmission: poorly differentiated child will select similar to marry
7. Sibling position: roles tended to be associated with birth order
8. Societal regression: society is regressing Bc it does not differentiate between emotional and intellectual decision making
Use of genògram
Structural family therapy / Salvador minuchin
- evolved rules come from transactional patterns between members
- family composed of subsystems
- used a structural map to identify coalitions (alliances), boundaries, conflicts
- challenges the transaction patterns in the family
- joins in therapy as an active member
Strategic family therapy / Jay Haley & Cloe Madanes
Therapeutic double bind: client is asked to continue undesirable behaviors when they are expected to be told to stop it
Prescribing the symptom: refuse to continue behavior or acknowledge control
Relabeling: reframing
Milan systemic family therapy / Mara Selvini-Palazzoli
- goal of keeping system in balance
- family viewed as playing a game to maintain the system
- use of circular questioning
- goal is to change family rules and relationships
