Theories

Question 1

According to family systems theory, what happens to students as they become more differentiated or separated from other family members?

Answer 1

They are more resilient to stress - both in and outside of the family.

Question 2

What are the Adlerian consultation assumptions?

Answer 2

• cannot take responsibility for student behavior (avoid punitive approaches, use natural and logical consequences)
• more involved with encouragement than with praise (effort more impt than outcome, separate actor from act)
• cannot always prevent student failure
• meet affective as well as cognitive needs of students

Question 3

Describe the Adlerian consultation strategies …

Answer 3

• understand the internal frame of reference of the client
• determine the impact of client behavior on others to diagnose goals (attention, power, revenge, withdrawal)
• question the client

Question 4

Goal driven counseling theory; emphasis on taking person’s perspective and altering it to yield productive results

Answer 4

Alderian theory

Question 5

An Ecological counseling theory; NASP endorsed approach

Answer 5

systems theory

Question 6

What is the focus of the Associated with Reality Theory? Who developed it?

Answer 6

Glasser; focus on life choices and how they are working for people

Question 7

Who is associated with the Gestalt Theory and what is it?

Answer 7

Fritz and Laura Perls; focuses upon the individual’s experience in the present moment, the therapist-client relationship, the environmental and social contexts of a person’s life, and the self-regulating adjustments people make as a result of their overall situation.

Question 8

Used to modify behavior; postulates that a desirable task can reinforce a lower-level task (i.e., watch TV after doing dishes)

Answer 8

Premack principle

Question 9

Examines a pattern of scores within an individual to determine strengths and weaknesses; comparison is to the test-taker, not norms

Answer 9

Ipsative scores

Question 10

Not based on the bell curve, but instead on specific criteria or material to be mastered

Answer 10

criterion measurement

Question 11

False positive (reject null when it is true)

Answer 11

Type I error

Question 12

False negative (accept the null when it is false)

Answer 12

Type II error

Question 13

Associated with Learned Helplessness

Answer 13

Seligman

Question 14

Associated with Attribution Theory

Answer 14

Dweck

Question 15

Modification of mental schemes in response to the demands of the environment

Answer 15

accomodation

Question 16

Using existing ideas in new situations; an attempt to generalize

Answer 16

assimilation

Question 17

Piaget’s sensorimotor stage

Answer 17

Ages 0-2; development of object permanence; attachment; here and now

Question 18

Piaget’s preoperational stage

Answer 18

Ages 2-7; egocentric reason dominated by perception

Question 19

Piaget’s concrete operational stage

Answer 19

Ages 7-11; develops conservation, inferential thinking, reversible thinking, quantitative reasoning

Question 20

Piaget’s formal operational stage

Answer 20

Ages 12+; hypothetical reasoning

Question 21

0-18 MO; attachment to caregiver is important - development of trust with caregiver to explore the world; requires warm, loving and attention to basic needs

Answer 21

Erickson’s trust v mistrust

Question 22

18 mo to 3 yrs - develop sense of confidence in their abilities to explore and do things for themselves; begin to understand that they can control their behavior

Answer 22

Erickson’s Autonomy v shame

Question 23

3-5 yrs - move from simple self control to taking the initiative in play and in various tasks; imaginary play and choosing activities are illustrated at this stage

Answer 23

Erickson’s initative v guilt

Question 24

6-12 years; develop a sense of identity; sense of self and strong ego

Answer 24

Erickson’s industry v inferiority

Question 25

Consultation model preferred by NASP

Answer 25

Indirect; building the consultee’s (teacher’s ) skills (Caplan’s consultation model)

Question 26

Benefits one client (student); SP intervenes with the student; time consuming; best practice is not to do this but to teach the teachers how to help themselves

Answer 26

Client-centered consultation

Question 27

Benefits the teacher by building her skills that might be used to help numerous people; best practice at the present time

Answer 27

Consultee Centered Consultation

Question 28

Benefits an entire program or school; ex. In-service training for a school

Answer 28

Program Centered Consultation

Question 29

teaches skills to key administrators to effect change at many schools or a district

Answer 29

Consultee-Centered Administrative Model

Question 30

What is the Common Problem Solving Consultation Format? 4 steps

Answer 30

1 - define the problem (specifically)
2 - analyze the problem and collect data if necessary
3- Plan an intervention, monitor and modify as necessary
4- evaluate the outcome and compare pre-post data

Question 31

What is the Process Consultation Model?

Answer 31

Uses workgroups, feedback, and work co-ordinations between groups

Question 32

Academic accommodations are defined as ..

Answer 32

changes in the enviroment, such as letting a student use a quiet room to take a test. Academic accommodations are provided when students experience disability-related barriers that prohibit demonstration of their knowledge and skills. Accommodations are provided to level the playing field upon which students can establish their success.

Question 33

Academic modifications are defined as …

Answer 33

Relates to special education services - actually changing a task to perform; ex. Student who has difficulty writing might be allowed to complete half the number of questions than his peers.