Things to know Flashcards
1
Q
Form a pelvic diaphragm through which genitourinary and digestive tracts open to the outside
A
Levator ani and coccygeus muscles
2
Q
What vessels stem cranially from the vaginal artery
A
uterine artery which then supplies caudal vesicle artery to bladder with ureteral and urethral branches
3
Q
What does the uterine artery join with
A
Uterine branch of the ovarian artery, this is why we must ligate this artery in an ovariohysterectomy
4
Q
What vessels stem caudally from the vaginal artery
A
Middle rectal artery, which supplies branches to the rectum and vagina
5
Q
What is the cranial branch of the prostatic artery
A
Artery of the ductus deferens, which gives off the caudal vesicle artery to the bladder with ureteral and urethral branches before continuing to ductus deferens
6
Q
What is the caudal branch of the prostatic artery
A
Middle rectal artery, supplies rectum, prostate, and urethra
7
Q
What are the three branches of the artery of the penis
A
Artery of the bulb of the penis, deep artery of the penis, dorsal artery of the penis
8
Q
Are the arteries of the penis paired? Why or why not?
A
Yes, they are paired because it plays an important role in the mechanism of erections
9
Q
What are the three parts of the bladder
A
Apex, body, and neck
10
Q
How many ligaments are associated with the bladder
A
3, median ligament of the bladder and two lateral ligaments of the bladder
11
Q
What structure is the remnant of the fetal urachus and umbilical arteries
A
Median ligament of the bladder
12
Q
Which nerve innervates the urethral muscle
A
Pudendal nerve
13
Q
How many parts compose the male urethra
A
2, pelvic part (within the pelvis) and penile part (within the penis
14
Q
How many parts of the penis are there, and what are they?
A
3, a root, a body, and a glans
15
Q
Which artery supplies the corpus cavernosum in the root of the penis?
A
Deep artery of the penis
16
Q
Is the retractor penis muscle distinct from the external anal sphincter at the level of the anus
A
Both muscles go to distinct areas, but the retractor penis muscle does share fibers with the external anal sphincter in the anal area
17
Q
Which artery supplies the bulb of the penis
A
Artery of the bulb
18
Q
Which muscle, when contracted, helps control venous return from the penis and helps maintain penile tumescence (keeping blood in/out to create an erection)
A
Ischiourethralis muscle
19
Q
What allows the penis to bend around when the male dismounts during mating, but is still attached
A
There is a region of the body of the penis at the very beginning of it that is compressed from side to side and wrapped by a thick tunic
20
Q
How many parts of the glans penis are there
A
2, proximal bulbus glandis, distal pars longa glandis
21
Q
How exactly is the glans penis supplied with blood
A
There is no arterial connection between the bulbus glandis and the pars longa glandis, but venous channels do drain the pars longa glandis into the bulbus glandis
Bulbus glandis: branches of the dorsal artery of the penis
Pars longa glandis: far branches of external pudendal artery
22
Q
Which arteries branch off of the caudal gluteal artery
A
Iliolumbar, cranial gluteal, lateral caudal, and dorsal perineal arteries
23
Q
Which artery and nerve supply the middle and deep gluteal muscles
A
Cranial gluteal artery and cranial gluteal nerve
24
Q
What does the external iliac artery become
A
When it passes through the vascular lacuna, it becomes the femoral artery
25
What is the only branch from the external iliac artery
Deep femoral artery, branches off right before vascular lacuna and courses caudally
26
What are the branches of the deep femoral artery
External pudendal artery and caudal epigastric artery
27
What does the medial circumflex femoral artery supply
Adductor muscle, vastus medialis muscle, obturator muscles, hip joint capsule, (deep branch) and semimembranosus muscles (transverse branch)
28
What are the branches, in order, of the femoral artery
Superficial circumflex iliac artery, lateral circumflex femoral, proximal caudal femoral artery, saphenous artery, descending genicular artery, and middle and distal caudal femoral artery
29
Which vein is being punctured for venipuncture on the lateral side of the back leg
Cranial branch of the lateral saphenous vein
30
Disregarding the branches and starting with the aorta, what is the main artery called as it courses down the hindlimb
Aorta-->external iliac-->femoral-->popliteal-->cranial tibial-->dorsal pedal
31
Which nerves arise from the lumbosacral plexus
Cranial and caudal iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, lateral cutaneous femoral, genitofemoral, obturator, femoral, pudendal, caudal cutaneous femoral, caudal gluteal, cranial gluteal, and sciatic
32
Which nerve supplies the branches that innervate the rectal/anal area and reproductive anatomy
Pudendal nerve
33
What is the only nerve to innervate the superficial gluteal
Caudal gluteal nerve
34
When the cranial branch of the saphenous artery reaches the metatarsus, what happens
It divides into three dorsal common digital arteries
35
When the caudal branch of the saphenous artery reaches the tarsus, what happens
It becomes the medial plantar artery, which will have three branches (plantar common digital arteries)
36
What is the autonomous zone of the genitofemoral nerve
Proximal part of the medial thigh from the penis/pelvic midline to roughly mid way down the thigh
37
What is the autonomous zone of the saphenous nerve
Medial aspect of the leg from the stifle to the tarsocrural joint (includes the stifle itself)
38
What is the autonomous zone of the fibular nerve
Dorsal aspect of the paw and digits all the way up to (across from) the tarsocrural joint, and the lateral aspect of the limb below the tarsocrural joint
39
What is the autonomous zone for the tibial nerve
Palmar aspect of the paw and digits up to the tarsocrural joint
40
What is the autonomous zone of the lateral cutaneous femoral nerve
Lateral aspect of the upper limb from the later lumbar/beginning sacral area of the spine to just about the stifle on the cranial thigh
41
What is the autonomous zone of the sciatic nerve
Caudal lateral aspect of the leg from roughly the stifle joint to just below the tarsocrural joint
42
What is the autonomous zone of the caudal cutaneous femoral nerve
Caudal aspect of the upper thigh from the lateral midline of the upper limb wrapping around to the the back of the thigh almost to the testicles/vulva area
43
Which ligament is destroyed during a neuter
Ligament of the tail of the epididymis
44
What exactly happens in a dog that is cryptorchid
Either the inguinal canal closed too early and testes did not have time to move through or the testes did not descend fast enough to get through the canal before it closes
45
In a cryptorchid, what is the difference between intrainguinal and intrabdominal
In intrabdominal, the testicle gets stuck at the deep ring of the inguinal canal. In intrainguinal, the testicle gets stuck within the inguinal canal
46
Which muscle gives rise to the cremaster muscle
It is a thin strip off of the internal abdominal oblique that goes to the testicles
47
Where does the deep inguinal ring sit
Sits on the edge of the internal abdominal oblique
48
What wraps around the testicle as it descends through the inguinal canal
It will be wrapped in peritoneum
49
What is the double layer of peritoneum around the testicle called
Vaginal tunic
50
Is the cremaster muscle inside or outside of the vaginal tunic
It is against the vaginal tunic, but outside the parietal peritoneum (outermost layer of vaginal tunic)
51
In the male, which structures are enveloped by the vaginal tunic
Testis, spermatic cord, external pudendal artery and vein, and genitofemoral nerve
52
What surrounds both the cremaster muscle and the structures within the vaginal tunic
Spermatic fascia
53
What is the type of innervation in the nerve plexus of the testicles
It is autonomic and sensory and contains postganglionic sympathetic axons
54
Within the vaginal tunic, is the ductus deferens in the same space as the testicular vessels and nerves
Not quite, the vessels and nerves are in a pocket called the mesorchium, and the ductus deferens is in a pocket called the mesoductus deferens
55
When performing a neuter, what ligament must you break in order to remove the testicle through the incision in the scrotum
Ligament of the tail of the epididymis
56
Which vessels make up the pampiniform plexus
It is only the testicular vein wrapped and coiled many times in a pyramid fashion above the testicle. The testicular artery is within this area, but it is not included in this plexus
57
What direction do spermatozoa flow in the epididymis
They flow from head, to body, to tail
58
Where does sperm mature
Within the epididymis
59
What structure in the male would be the round ligament of the uterus/ovarian ligament in the female
Ligament of the tail of the epididymis
60
Why does the testicle need to sit outside the body cavity
Sperm needs to be kept at a specific temperature that is slightly lower that the temperature within the body cavity
61
Why does the pampiniform plexus wind all around the testicular artery
Blood coming in through the testicular artery is too hot, but blood leaving through the testicular vein is the same temperature as the testicle. Having the artery smothered by the vein caused heat exchange between the two so the excess heat is taken back to the body and levels out before reaching the testicle
62
What exactly is the purpose of the cremaster muscle
It attaches to the spermatic cord and contracts when the testicle gets too cold to pull it closer to the body
63
What muscle within the testicle causes the scrotum itself to shrink up around the testicle when it gets cold
Tunica dartos
64
Which two muscles exist to increase the temperature of the testicle
Cremaster muscle and the tunica dartos
65
What two things work to decrease the temperature of the testicle
Pampiniform plexus and location outside the body
66
What is the difference between an open castration and a closed castration
An open castration opens the peritoneal cavity via the spermatic cord, a closed castration removes the testicles without slicing them open and thus does not open the peritoneal cavity
67
How many ties (to tie off before cutting) would you need to perform a closed castration
2, as we are cutting straight through scrotum and all
68
How many ties (to tie off before cutting) would you need to perform an open castration
4, we slice the scrotum open and need two ties for the mesorchium and two ties for the mesoductus deferens
69
Which type of castration is better on small animals and why
Open castration because a surgical sweet, in theory, should be sterile enough that the peritoneal cavity is not exposed to anything that would kill the dog, and patients are usually sent home on precautionary antibiotics anyway
70
Which type of castration would be better for a large/farm animal
Closed castration because these situations are usually more about quantity than quality, so to speak, and these animals cannot always be loaded up for surgery for a simple neuter. While bleeding is more of a risk with this type, it will only happen for a small percentage of these procedures
71
What is the difference in the way pigs are often castrated
They tend to use the pull method. The scrotum is opened and the cords are yanked so they snap and the testicle comes out. Bleeding is certainly a risk with this method as well, and it is far less commonly performed in cats
72
Besides bleeding, what is a major possible risk to using the pull castration method
Because of the way the ductus deferens runs from the epididymis to the prostate, yanking it can rip a ureter off the bladder
73
Which layer of the penis is closest to the urethra
Corpus spongiosum
74
Which layer of the penis is bilateral
Corpus cavernosum
75
What happens to the distal portion of the corpus cavernosum
It ossifies and becomes the os penis
76
What is the purpose of the tunica albuginea
It is a super thick layer that surrounds the layers of the penis so that the pressure is contained when the tissues swell with blood
77
Which part of the penis is free
Glans penis
78
Which artery supplies the corpus spongiosum
Artery of the bulb of the penis
79
Which artery supplies the corpus cavernosum
Deep artery of the penis
80
Which artery supplies the glans penis
Dorsal artery of the penis
81
How does blood flow from the aorta to the penis
Internal iliac artery --> internal pudendal artery --> artery of the penis (which will then split into the artery of the bulb of the penis, the deep artery of the penis, and the dorsal artery of the penis)
82
Which muscle covers the corpus spongiosum
The bulbospongiosus muscle
83
Which muscle covers the corpus cavernosum
The ischiocavernosus muscle
84
Is the retractor penis muscle smooth or striated
It is smooth muscle that runs the ventral length of the penis
85
Which part of the penis is responsible for mating dogs being tied together end to end
The bulbus glandis within the glans penis
86
Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel A(V) Girls Vagina, Ah Heaven
Cranial nerves in order: Olfactory (I), Optic (II), Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), Trigeminal (V), Abducens (VI), Facial (VII), Vestibulocochlear (VIII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X), Accessory (XI), and Hypoglossal (XII)
87
What does special visceral afferent mean
These are fibers that go towards the CNS and are related to the gastrointestinal tract (smell, taste, etc.)
88
What does special somatic afferent mean
These are fibers that go towards the CNS and are related to vision, hearing, and balance
89
What does general somatic efferent mean
These are fibers that carry motor impulses to somatic skeletal muscles (those related to vision, hearing, and balance)
90
What does general visceral efferent mean
These are fibers that carry signals to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands as part of the autonomic nervous system (innervates the things not under voluntary control)
91
What does general somatic afferent mean
These are fibers that innervate the surface of the body and carry information back to the brain as far as sensing touch, temperature, and pain
92
What does general visceral afferent mean
These are fibers that carry information such as distention and/or chemical conditions back to the brain from organ systems, blood vessels, etc.
93
What does special visceral efferent meant
These are nerve fibers that carry signals to the pharyngeal arches
94
Which cranial nerves pass through the cribriform foramina
Cranial nerve I (olfactory nerve)
95
Which cranial nerves pass through the optic canal
Cranial nerve II (optic nerve)
96
Which nerves pass through the orbital fissure
Cranial nerve III (trochlear nerve), ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V), cranial nerve VI (abducens nerve),
97
Are there any cranial nerves that do not exit the skull
Cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve) does not exit
98
Which nerves exit through the tempano-occipital fissure
Cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal nerve), cranial nerve X (vagus nerve), and cranial nerve XI (accessory nerve)
99
LR6 Do4 Rest3
Innervation in the eye:
Lateral rectus and Retractor bulbi are innervated by cranial nerve 6
Dorsal oblique is innervated by cranial nerve 4
All the rest of the eye muscles innervated by cranial nerve 3
100
Generally, where do the nerves in the hind limb arise from
Lumbosacral plexus
101
Which spinal cord segments give rise to the sciatic nerve
Branches from L6, L7, S1, and S2
102
What muscle does the femoral nerve emerge from
Iliopsoas muscle
103
Which two heads of the quadriceps muscle does the femoral nerve dive between
Vastus medialis and rectus femoris
104
What three muscles does the femoral nerve innervate
Iliopsoas, vastus medialis, and rectus femoris
105
Which nerve is responsible for the extension of the genual joint (thus allowing weight to be bared on the hind limb)
Femoral nerve
106
Which nerve innervates the middle gluteal muscle, the deep gluteal muscle, and the tensor fascia lattae muscle
Cranial gluteal nerve
107
Which nerve runs with the internal pudendal artery
Pudendal nerve
108
What is the best area to approach from surgically if you need to access the caudal portion of the rectum or anal sacs
Ischiorectal fossa, it is behind the limb muscles, full of fat, and behind any opening into the pelvic or abdominal cavity
109
Which nerve and artery run through the ischiorectal fossa
Pudendal nerve and internal pudendal artery
110
What is the largest nerve in the body
Sciatic nerve
111
Which nerve innervates the semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris muscles (caudal muscles of the thigh)
Sciatic nerve
112
What are the two main branches of the sciatic nerve
Common fibular nerve and tibial nerve
113
Which nerve innervates the craniolateral muscles of the crus
Common fibular nerve
114
Which nerve innervates the caudal muscles of the crus
Tibial nerve
115
Which nerve runs between the heads of the gastrocnemius muscle along with the popliteal artery
Tibial nerve
116
Innervates flexors of the tarsocrural joint, some extensors of the genual joint, and extensors of the digital joints
Common fibular nerve
117
Innervates flexors of the genual joint, extensors of the tarsocrural joint, and flexors of the digital joints
Tibial nerve
118
What happens if the sciatic nerve is injured higher up on the limb
There will be no motor innervation to the entire limb below the genual joint because you have essentially cut off all function of the tibial and common fibular nerves
119
Which two nerves innervate the cranial and caudal areas of the upper thigh
Lateral cutaneous femoral nerve (cranial/lateral thigh)
| Caudal cutaneous femoral nerve (caudal thigh)
120
Which nerve innervates the upper thigh medially
Genitofemoral nerve
121
Which nerve innervates the lateral and caudal crus
Sciatic nerve
122
Which nerve innervates the dorsal aspect of the hind paw
Common fibular nerve
123
Which nerve innervates the plantar aspect of the hind paw
Tibial nerve
124
Which branch off the aorta gives rise to the vessels of the pelvis and its associated viscera
Internal iliac
125
Which branch off the aorta gives rise to the vessels of the hind limb
External iliac
126
Which artery branches off in the area of the pelvic plexus
Prostatic/vaginal artery
127
What is our first branch from the external iliac artery
Deep femoral
128
Which artery branches off from the deep femoral artery and gives rise to the caudal epigastric arteries
Pudendoepigastric trunk
129
After the pudendoepigastric trunk branches off, what does the deep femoral artery become
Medial circumflex femoral artery
130
Which vessel runs in the same direction as the obturator nerve towards the caudal thigh
Medial circumflex femoral artery
131
Which nerve passes through the obturator foramen
Obturator nerve
132
Which nerve innervates the muscles that adduct the limb (medial thigh muscles)
Obturator nerve
133
At what point does the external iliac artery become the femoral artery
After the deep femoral branches off and the external iliac passes through the vascular lacuna
134
Which vessel dives into the quadriceps with the femoral nerve
Lateral circumflex femoral artery
135
Which vessel supplies the sartorius muscle
Superficial circumflex iliac artery
136
What does the femoral artery become after the distal caudal femoral artery splits off just behind the genual joint
Popliteal artery
137
What does the popliteal artery become as it passes the head of the tibia
Cranial tibial artery
138
What does the cranial tibial artery become after it passes the tarsocrural joint
Dorsal pedal artery
139
What are the only unpaired veins on the hind limb
Medial saphenous and lateral saphenous
140
What connects the cranial and caudal branches of the saphenous veins together (so two cranials tied together in the front and two caudals tied together in the back)
Each is connected by an anastomotic branch
141
If you blow one of the saphenous veins, do you need to worry about certain areas not being drained properly
No. The medial and lateral saphenous veins both drain the plantar and palmar aspects of the paw due to the anastomoses between each of their cranial and caudal branches
142
What is the beginning of the digestive tract
Oral cavity
143
What are the boundaries of the oral cavity
Lips (rostral), cheeks (lateral), palate (dorsal), muscle between mandibles (ventral)
144
What are the two subdivisions of the oral cavity
Oral cavity proper (inside closed teeth), oral vestibule (between closed teeth and inside of lips)
145
What type of joint holds the teeth in the gums
Gomphosis joint
146
How many roots can an individual tooth have
1-3 roots depending on the type of tooth
147
From rostral to caudal, what are the four different types of teeth
Incisors, canines, pre-molars, molars
148
What are the different surfaces of a tooth
Lingual (touches tongue), vestibular (touches cheeks), contact (touching tooth to either side), occlusal (where superior arcade touches inferior arcade)
149
How many teeth does an adult dog have
42 teeth
150
How many of each type of tooth do adult dogs have on one side of the mouth
3 incisors on top and bottom. 1 canine on top and bottom. 4 pre molars on top and bottom. 2 molars on top, 3 molars on bottom
151
How many teeth do puppies have
28
152
Which teeth are not the same in puppies as they are in dogs
Puppies only have 3 pre-molars on top and bottom, and they do not have any molars
153
Which pre-molar is the one that puppies don't have until adulthood
Pre-molar #1, they have deciduous versions of #2-4
154
Excluding surgery and/or trauma, in what order would a dog naturally lose teeth
From front to back
155
How many teeth does an adult cat have
30
156
How many of each type of tooth does an adult cat have on each side
3 incisors on top and bottom, 1 canine on top and bottom, 3 pre-molars on top, 2 on bottom, 1 molar on top and bottom
157
Do cats have pre-molar #1
Numbering starts from the back, so no. They have pre-molar #2-4 on top, and #3-4 on bottom
158
How many teeth does a kitten have
26
159
Are there any teeth that a cat has that a kitten doesn't have
They have deciduous versions of all the same teeth except they do not have molars
160
At what age will all the deciduous teeth be erupted in puppies
2 months old
161
At what age will all adult teeth come in for dogs
7 months old
162
How many roots do incisors have
1
163
How many roots do canine teeth have
1 large root
164
How many roots do pre-molars have in dogs on the upper and lower arcade
Top: 1 has 1 root, 2 and 3 have 2 roots, 4 has 3 roots
Bottom: 1 has 1 root, 2-4 have 2 roots
165
How many roots do the molars have in dogs on the upper and lower arcade
Top: 1 and 2 have 3 roots
Bottom: 1 and 2 have 2 roots, 3 has 1 root
166
Where does the parotid salivary gland drain
Empties into the oral vestibule adjacent to the 4th pre-molar on the top
167
Where do the mandibular and monostomatic sublingual salivary gland drain
Open on papilla right behind the mandibular incisors to drain into the oral cavity proper
168
Where does the zygomatic salivary gland drain
Has many openings that drain into the oral vestibule at the 2nd molar on top
169
What are the three layers of the eyeball
Outer fibrous coat, middle vascular coat (uvea), inner nervous coat
170
How is the optic nerve different from the optic disk
Optic disk is where the optic nerve actually attaches to the retina in a small circle
171
Where is the aqueous humor
Anterior chamber between cornea and lens, posterior chamber between iris and lens
172
Where is the vitreous humor/body
Jelly in the vitriol chamber behind lens
173
Where is the aqueous humor produced
Ciliary bodies
174
Where is aqueous humor drained
Pectinate ligament
175
How does glaucoma happen
The angle of the pectinate ligament becomes too narrow and it cannot drain the aqueous humor. It builds up and increases pressure under the cornea
176
What would a photon pass through on its way to the retina
Cornea-->aqueous humor--->pupil/lens--->vitreous humor--->retina
177
What is responsible for eye shine and night vision
Tapetum lucitum, reflects photons
178
What is the difference between palpebral conjunctiva and bulbar conjunctiva
```
Palpebral= inside of eyelid
Bulbar= reflection after the fornix curves around
```
179
What keeps tear fluid in the eye
Conjunctival sac when eyes are closed
180
Is the third eyelid behind the superior lid or the inferior lid
Sits behind the inferior eyelid
181
Describe the path of tear fluid from start to finish
Produced in lacrimal gland--> comes out into conjunctival sac--> drains into lacrimal puncta in the medial corner of each eyelid--> drains into lacrimal duct--> drains to lacrimal sac--> drains into nasolacrimal duct all the way to ventral nasal meatus--> opening of nasolacrimal duct
182
What is the only eye muscle to originate rostrally
Ventral oblique
183
What is the purpose of the trochlea (cartilage piece) above the eyeball
The dorsal oblique hooks into it so, when it contracts, it can rotate the eyeball laterally instead of just pulling it caudally
184
What are the three divisions of the pharynx
Oropharynx, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx
185
Where do the palatine tonsils sit
Underneath the semilunar folds
186
Where is the opening of the auditory tube into the middle ear
Within the nasopharynx
187
Why does yawning help your ears pop
Auditory tube within the nasopharynx. Yawning releases the air in the tube so it can equalize and you have the same air pressure on both sides of them tympanic membrane
188
What is the only laryngeal cartilage that has two parts
Arytenoid cartilage
189
What anchors the laryngeal cartilages to the skull
Hyoid apparatus
190
What is the only bone in the hyoid apparatus that isn't paired and crosses the midline
Basihyoid bone
191
What part of the laryngeal cartilage is attached to the vocal ligament/vocal cords
Arytenoid cartilage
192
Depending on the action (eating or breathing) what does the epiglottis actually block
Breathing through the nose: rests on soft palate and blocks oral cavity
Eating: blocks access to trachea
193
When swallowing, is the epiglottis actually moving at all
Not really, the geniohyoideus muscle pulls the rest of the larynx forward which, in effect, causes the epiglottis to cover the entrance to the trachea
194
What are the two categories of head muscle
Muscles of facial expression and muscles of mastication
195
How many muscles of mastication open the mouth
1
196
How many muscles of mastication close the mouth
3
197
Which cranial artery senses blood pressure using baroreceptors
Internal carotid with the carotid sinus
198
As we go across the skull, what are all the arteries that make up the main arterial supply (no branches, just the main one)
Common carotid--> external carotid--> maxillary--> infraorbital
199
What is the difference between a fissure and a foramen
Fissure: space between two bones
Foramen: hole in bone
200
What is the largest cranial nerve on cross section
Trigeminal nerve (CN 5)
201
Which nerve can be damaged by the buckle on a halter/halter style leash
Facial nerve (CN 7)
202
Which cranial nerve is directly responsible for the involuntary part of swallowing
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN 9)
203
What is the longest cranial nerve in the body
Vagus nerve (CN 10)
204
Some Say Money Matters But My Brother Says Big Booties Matter More
How to remember which of the cranial nerves are motor and which are sensory
S= sensory
M= motor
B= both
