Thoracic Skeleton & Intercostal Space

Question 1

What is the thorax?

Answer 1

Body between neck and abdomen

Question 2

What are the functions of the thorax? (4)

Answer 2

Protect internal organs

Actively involved in respiration

Conduit (oesophagus)

Attachment for important muscles

Question 3

What is the sternum made up of? (Superior to inferior)

Answer 3

Manubrium

Body of sternum

Xiphoid process

Question 4

How many pairs of ribs are there in a typical person?

Answer 4

12

Question 5

How do the ribs curve?

Answer 5

Antero-inferiorly

Question 6

What joins (most of) the ribs to the sternum?

Answer 6

Costal cartilage

Question 7

What is the hole in the top of the thoracic cage called?

Answer 7

Superior thoracic aperture (inlet)

Question 8

What is the hole in the bottom of the thoracic cage?

Answer 8

Inferior thoracic aperture (inlet)

Question 9

How many vertebrae make up the spine?

Answer 9

31

Question 10

What are the five regions of vertebrae? (S —> I)

Answer 10

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

Sacral

Coccyx

Question 11

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

Answer 11

12

Question 12

How are thoracic vertebrae named?

Answer 12

T

Followed by number (1-12)

Ordered from superior to inferior

Question 13

Which vertebrae does a single rib articulate with?

Answer 13

Its own number vertebra and the one above

Question 14

Which vertebrae would the 5th rib articulate with?

Answer 14

T5 and T4

Question 15

What is the fancy name for a freely movable joint?

Answer 15

Diarthroses

Question 16

What is the fancy name for an immovable joint?

Answer 16

Synarthroses

Question 17

What is the fancy name for a slightly movable joint?

Answer 17

Amphiarthroses

Question 18

Which ribs are the true ribs?

Answer 18

First 7

Question 19

What are true ribs?

Answer 19

Ribs that directly articulate with sternum anteriorly

Question 20

Which ribs are false?

Answer 20

8, 9, 10

Question 21

What are false ribs?

Answer 21

Indirectly articulate with sternum via costal cartilage of the rib above (costal margin)

Question 22

Which are the floating ribs?

Answer 22

11, 12

Question 23

Describe floating ribs (3)

Answer 23

Ribs with no anterior articulation with sternum

Have costal cartilage caps

Embedded into abdominal muscles

Question 24

Which ribs are typical?

Answer 24

3-9

Question 25

What are the features of a typical rib? (5)

Answer 25

Head with two facets (articulation with vertebrae) Neck Tubercle (at neck-body junction, articulates with transverse vertebral process) Curved body (antero-inferiorly) Costal groove (internal surface running along inferior border)

Question 26

Which ribs are atypical?

Answer 26

1, 2 and 10, 11, 12

Question 27

Describe the first rib (5)

Answer 27

Broad and sharply curved Flattened superior and inferior surfaces 2 grooves on superior surface Single facet (T1 articulation) Tubercle for anterior scalene attachment

Question 28

Describe the second rib (2)

Answer 28

Two facets (T1 and T2) Roughened areas for muscle attachments (serrated anterior and posterior scalene)

Question 29

How many facets do the 10th, 11th and 12th rib have?

Answer 29

1

Question 30

Describe the 11th and 12th rib (4)

Answer 30

Short No neck/tubercle Sharply curved No anterior articulation

Question 31

What joint is between the manubrium and body of the sternum?

Answer 31

Manubriosternal

Question 32

What joint is between the xiphoid process and the body of the sternum?

Answer 32

Xiphisternal

Question 33

What joints are in the sternum?

Answer 33

Manubriosternal Xiphisternal

Question 34

What joints are between the sternum and the costal cartilage?

Answer 34

Sternocostal

Question 35

What type of joints are manubriosternal and xiphisternal joints?

Answer 35

Secondary cartilaginous/symphysis

Question 36

What is the sternal angle?

Answer 36

Where manubrium meets body of sternum

Question 37

Which rib meets the sternum at the sternal angle?

Answer 37

2nd

Question 38

How is the first rib sternocostal joint different?

Answer 38

Broad, curved, very strong symphysis The rest are highly strengthened synovial joints

Question 39

What joint is between the ribs and the costal cartilage?

Answer 39

Costochondral

Question 40

What type of joint are costochondral joints?

Answer 40

Primary cartilaginous/synchondroses

Question 41

What joint is between the false ribs and costal margin?

Answer 41

Interchondral

Question 42

What type of joints are formed between costal cartilages?

Answer 42

Plane synovial

Question 43

What does the spinal cord run through in a vertebra?

Answer 43

Vertebral foramen

Question 44

What do muscles and ribs attach to on a vertebra?

Answer 44

Spinous and transverse processes

Question 45

What part of the vertebrae stack on each other?

Answer 45

Vertebral body

Question 46

What structure is found between each vertebra?

Answer 46

Vertebral discs

Question 47

What joints are between the vertebrae and posterior ends of the ribs?

Answer 47

Costovertebral Costotransverse

Question 48

What type of joints are costovertebral and costotransverse joints?

Answer 48

Plane synovial

Question 49

What are the three layers of intercostal muscles?

Answer 49

External Internal Innermost

Question 50

In what orientation do the external intercostal muscles run?

Answer 50

Antero-inferiorly (same as ribs)

Question 51

In what orientation do the internal intercostal muscles run?

Answer 51

Postero-inferiorly (opposite to externals)

Question 52

What runs below the 12th rib?

Answer 52

Subcostal VAN

Question 53

What innervates the intercostal muscles, parietal pleura and skin?

Answer 53

Intercostal nerves

Question 54

Which spinal root is sensory?

Answer 54

Dorsal

Question 55

Which spinal root is motor?

Answer 55

Ventral

Question 56

What do the intercostal arteries branch from?

Answer 56

Aorta posteriorly Internal thoracic vessels anteriorly (subclavian behind sternum)

Question 57

Where do the arteries for the 1st and 2nd rib come from?

Answer 57

Subclavian (costocervical arteries)

Question 58

What do the intercostal veins drain into?

Answer 58

Azygos system