Thyroid Workbook

Question 1

Calcitonin

Answer 1

thyroid hormone important for maintaining a dense, strong bone matrix and regulating the blood calcium level

Question 2

euthyroid

Answer 2

refers to a normal functioning thyroid gland

Question 3

hyperthyroidism

Answer 3

over secretion of thyroid hormones

Question 4

hypophosphatasia

Answer 4

low phosphate level associated with hyperparathyroidism

Question 5

hypothyroidism

Answer 5

undersecretion of thyroid hormones

Question 6

isthmus

Answer 6

small piece of thyroid tissue that connects the right and left lobe of the gland

Question 7

parathyroid hormone

Answer 7

hormone secreted by by parathyroid glands that regulates serum calcium levels

Question 8

longus colli muscle

Answer 8

wedge shaped muscle posterior to the thyroid lobes

Question 9

pyramidal lobe

Answer 9

present in small percentage of patients; extends superiorly from the isthmus

Question 10

serum calicum

Answer 10

laboratory value that is elevated with hyperparathyroidism

Question 11

sternocleidomastoid muscle

Answer 11

large muscle anterolateral to thyroid

Question 12

strap muscle

Answer 12

group of three musles (sternothyroid, sternohyiod, and omohyoid) that lies anterior to the thyroid

Question 13

TSH

Answer 13

hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete T3 and T4

Question 14

brachial cleft cyst

Answer 14

remnant of embryonic development that appears as acyst in the neck

Question 15

fine needle aspiration

Answer 15

use of a fine gauge needle to obtain cells from a mass

Question 16

hyperparathyroidism

Answer 16

disorder associated with elevated serum calcium level, usually cause by a benign parathyroid adenoma

Question 17

lymphadenopathy

Answer 17

disorder characterized by a localized or generalized enlargement of the lymph nodes or lymph vessels

Question 18

primary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 18

oversecretiong of parathyroid hormone, usually from a parathyroid adenoma

Question 19

parathyroid hyperplasia

Answer 19

enlargement of multiple parathyroid glands

Question 20

secondary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 20

enlargement of parathyroid gland in patients with renal failure or vitamin D deficiency

Question 21

adenoma

Answer 21

benign thyroid neoplasm characterized by complete fibrous encapsulation

Question 22

anaplastic carcinoma

Answer 22

rare, undifferentiated carcinoma occurring in middle age

Question 23

follicular carcinoma

Answer 23

occurs as a solitay malignant mass within the thyroid gland

Question 24

goiter

Answer 24

enlargement of the thyroid gland that can be focal or diffuse; multiple nodules may be present

Question 25

Grave's Disease

Answer 25

Autoimmune disorder characterized by a diffuse toxic goiter, bulging eyes, and cutaneous manifestations

Question 26

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Answer 26

Chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland caused by the formation of antibodies against normal thyroid tissue

Question 27

medullary carcinoma

Answer 27

Neoplastic growth that accounts for 10% of thyroid malignancies

Question 28

mirocalcification

Answer 28

tiny echogenic foci within a nodule that may or may not shadow

Question 29

multinodular goiter

Answer 29

nodular enlargement of the thyroid associated with hyperthyroidism

Question 30

nodular hyperplasia

Answer 30

degenerative nodules withing the thyroid

Question 31

papillary carcinoma

Answer 31

most common form of thyoird malignancy

Question 32

subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis

Answer 32

viral infection of the thyroid that causes inflammation

Question 33

thyroiditis

Answer 33

inflammation of the thyroid

Question 34

The thyroid straddles the trachea anteriorly, whereas the paired lobes extend on either side bounded laterally by the _______ arteries and ______ vein.

Answer 34

carotid; jugular

Question 35

Along the anterior surface of the thyroid gland lie the _____ muscles,including the sternothyoird, omohyoid, sternohyoid, and sternocleidomastoid.

Answer 35

strap

Question 36

The parathyroid glands are normally located on the ________ surface of the thyroid gland.

Answer 36

posterior

Question 37

The parathyroid glands are the _________ organs in the body.

Answer 37

calcium-sensing

Question 38

The parathyroid glands produce _____ and monitor the serum calcium feed back mechanism.

Answer 38

PTH

Question 39

When the serum calcium level \_\_\_\_\_\_, the parathyroid glands are stimulated to release PTH.

Answer 39

decrease

Question 40

PTH acts on \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, and intestine to enchance calcium absorption.

Answer 40

bone; kidneys

Question 41

Primary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, hypercalciuria, and low levels of phosphate.

Answer 41

hypercalcemia

Question 42

Primary hyperparathyroidism occurs when increase amounts of PTH are produced by an _______ primary hyperplasia, or rarely carcinoma located in the parathyroid gland.

Answer 42

adenoma

Question 43

A chronic hypocalceia caused by renal failure, vitamin D deficiency (rickets), pr malabsorption syndromes is _______ hyperparathyroidism

Answer 43

secondary

Question 44

The thyroid gland is the part of the endocrine system that maintains body \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and ________ through the synthesis, storage, and secretion of thyroid hormones.

Answer 44

metabolism; growth; development

Question 45

Theses homormones include \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 45

T3; T4; Calcitonin

Question 46

The mechanism for producing thyroid hormones is ____ metabolism.

Answer 46

iodine

Question 47

When the body needs thyroid hormone, it is not the bloodstream by the action of thyrotropin, or thyroid-stimulating hormone (\_\_\_\_\_), which is produced by the pituitary gland.

Answer 47

TSH

Question 48

The secretion of TSH is regulated by hypothyroid-releasing factor, which is produced by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 48

pituitary gland

Question 49

The concentration of calcium in the blood is decreased by \_\_\_\_\_, which first acts on the bone to inhibit its breakdown.

Answer 49

Calcitonin

Question 50

Low intake of iodine (goiter) in the body may cause either \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, or the inability of the thyroid to produce the proper amount of thyroid hormone, or a problem in the pituitary gland that does not control the thyroid production.

Answer 50

hypothyroidism

Question 51

The metabolic rate is dramatically increase \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, clinical signs include weight loss, increased appetite, high degree of nervous energy, tremor, excessive, sweating, heat intolerance, and palpitations and many patients show sings of exophthalmos (protruding eyes)

Answer 51

hyperthyroidism

Question 52

How the thyroid is functioning is evaluated by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 52

nuclear medicine

Question 53

An enlargement of the thyroid gland is a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is often visible on the anterior neck.

Answer 53

goiter

Question 54

One of the most common forms of thyroid disease is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 54

multinodular goiter

Question 55

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is characterized by these findings: hypermetabolism, diffuse toxic goiter, exophthalmos (inflammatory infiltration of the orbital tissue resulting in proptosis, or bulging of the eyes), and cutaneous manifestation (thickening of the dermis of the pretibial areas and the dorsum of the feet).

Answer 55

Grave's Disease

Question 56

A benign thyroid neoplasm characterized by complete fibrous encapsulation is an \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 56

adenoma

Question 57

The most common of the thyroid malignancies is ____________ of the thyroid and is the preponderant cause of thyroid cancer in children.

Answer 57

papillary cancer

Question 58

The normal glad has a fine _______ echotexture that is more echogenic than the surrounding muscle structures.

Answer 58

homogenous

Question 59

A normal lymph node is oval in shape with a ________ texture with a central core echo complex.

Answer 59

homogeneous

Question 60

The __________ muscle is posterior and lateral to each thyroid lobe and appears as a hypoechoic triangular structure adjacent to the cervical vertebrae.

Answer 60

longus colli