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Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 types of cell junction

A

Adherens
Tight
Gap
Desmosomes
Hemidesmosomes

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2
Q

What kind of cell junction connects intermediate filaments?

A

Desmosomes

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3
Q

What kind of cell junction utilises actin?

A

Adherens

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4
Q

Name the 4 basic plant tissues

A

Vascular
Dermal
Ground
Meristem

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5
Q

Name the 4 basic animal tissues

A

Epithelium
Connective
Nerve
Muscle

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6
Q

What is the function of dermal tissue in plants?

A

Transpiration barrier
Gas exchange
Defense

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7
Q

What are the 3 kinds of plant ground tissues?

A

Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma

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8
Q

What kind of tissue makes up the bulk of a plant?

A

Ground tissue

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9
Q

Describe the structure, function, and location of the parenchyma

A

Thin walled, living, large central ventriole
Storage, photosynthesis, wound healing, secretion
Softer tissues - leaves, stems, roots, fruits

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10
Q

Describe the structure, function, and location of the collenchyma

A

Unevenly thickened, living, elongated
Beneath epidermis
e.g. celery stalk - provides mechanical support

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11
Q

Describe the structure, function, and location of the sclerenchyma

A

Thick primary cellulose cell wall, lignin secondary cell wall, non-living
Forms fibres and sclereids
Rigid support

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12
Q

Describe skeletal muscle tissue

A

Striated
Attached to bones via tendons
Long cylindrical cells
Multinucleated

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13
Q

Describe cardiac muscle tissue

A

Striated
Branched
Cylindrical cells
Single or binucleated

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14
Q

Describe smooth muscle tissue

A

Non-striated
Thick and thin filaments not in an orderly structure
Spindle shaped cells

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15
Q

Name the 3 kinds of connective tissue

A

Proper
Fluid
Supportive

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16
Q

What are the 2 kinds of proper connective tissues, with examples?

A

Dense - elastic, dense regular
Loose - adipose, reticular

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17
Q

What cells secrete ECM?

A

Fibroblast

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18
Q

What cells store lipids as droplets?

A

Adipocytes

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19
Q

What makes up the animal ground substance?

A

Glycosaminoglycans

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20
Q

What is the Extracellular Matrix (ECM)?

A

Material released outside the cell that assembles into a 3D structure; supports cells but is not the cell wall.

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21
Q

What are common features of ECMs?

A

Fibrous network embedded in a gel-like matrix.

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22
Q

What are plant ECM fibres made of?

A

Polysaccharide fibres: cellulose, hemicellulose, and proteins.

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23
Q

What are animal ECM fibres made of?

A

Fibrous proteins: collagen and embedded glycosaminoglycans (GAGs).

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24
Q

What is the plant ECM called?

A

Cell Wall.

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25
What gives the plant cell wall strength?
Cellulose fibres crosslinked by hemicellulose and embedded in pectin.
26
What is turgor pressure?
Water pressure inside the cell that pushes against the cell wall, keeping the plant rigid.
27
What are the three layers of the plant cell wall?
Middle lamella, Primary cell wall, Secondary cell wall.
28
What is the middle lamella made of?
Pectins and some proteins; acts as 'glue' between cells.
29
What is the primary cell wall composed of?
Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and proteins.
30
What is the secondary cell wall composed of?
Cellulose and lignin; thick, no proteins, low pectin.
31
What is the function of lignin in secondary cell walls?
Provides strength and compressive resistance; makes wood.
32
What is connective tissue?
Tissue with cells embedded in extensive ECM; supports, binds, and protects tissues.
33
What are the two main components of animal ECM?
Fibres (collagen and elastin) and ground substance (GAGs).
34
What is collagen?
Main structural protein; provides tensile strength.
35
What is the structure of collagen?
Triple-stranded helix made of three alpha chains with G-X-Y repeats (rich in glycine and proline).
36
Where is collagen found?
Skin, bone, cartilage, tendon, ligament, blood vessels, basement membrane.
37
What is fibrillar collagen (Type I)?
Forms long fibres; major type in connective tissues.
38
What is network collagen (Type IV)?
Forms sheet-like networks, mainly in basement membranes.
39
What stabilizes collagen triple helices?
Hydrogen bonds between glycine and hydroxyproline.
40
What is elastin?
A protein that provides elasticity to tissues like skin, lungs, and blood vessels.
41
How does elastin function?
Forms crosslinked networks; stretches and recoils like a spring.
42
What disease is associated with collagen or elastin defects?
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (hyperelastic skin and joints).
43
What are Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?
Unbranched, highly charged polysaccharides that attract water and resist compression.
44
What are examples of sulphated GAGs?
Chondroitin sulphate, keratan sulphate, dermatan sulphate.
45
What is hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid)?
A very large, unsulfated GAG; provides hydration and space-filling.
46
What are proteoglycans?
Proteins covalently linked to GAGs.
47
What is aggrecan?
A major cartilage proteoglycan; forms huge aggregates with hyaluronan.
48
How do aggrecan aggregates help cartilage?
Binds water to resist compressive forces during movement.
49
What are glycoproteins in ECM?
Proteins with short, branched sugars; mediate adhesion between cells and ECM.
50
What is fibronectin?
A glycoprotein that binds collagen, integrins, and heparan sulphate; organizes ECM and enables cell migration.
51
What is laminin?
A glycoprotein that polymerizes to form basal lamina under epithelial and endothelial cells.
52
What is loose connective tissue?
Found between organs; functions in space filling, energy storage, cushioning, immune defense.
53
What fibres are found in loose connective tissue?
Collagen (stretch resistance) and elastic fibres (recoil).
54
What is the ground substance in loose connective tissue?
Polysaccharides like hyaluronan that hold water.
55
What are fibroblasts?
Resident cells that secrete polysaccharides and proteins to form ECM.
56
What are adipocytes?
Cells that store lipids; types: white and brown.
57
What are mast cells?
Cells with granules containing histamine and heparin; involved in inflammatory response.
58
What are endothelial cells and pericytes?
Endothelial cells form barriers; pericytes maintain capillary stability.
59
What are immigrant cells in loose connective tissue?
Monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes (T, B, NK cells).
60
What is the difference between dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue?
Regular: fibres aligned (tendons/ligaments); Irregular: fibres random (dermis).
61
What molecule gives cartilage its distinctive appearance?
Chondroitin sulphate (a proteoglycan).
62
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage.
63
What is hyaline cartilage?
Most common cartilage; smooth, strong, flexible; found in joints, trachea, foetal skeleton.
64
What is the ECM of hyaline cartilage composed of?
Collagen fibres and proteoglycans (like aggrecan).
65
How does cartilage grow?
Appositional growth (from outside) and interstitial growth (from inside).
66
What is elastic cartilage?
Similar to hyaline but with elastic fibres; found in pinna of ear and epiglottis.
67
What is fibrocartilage?
Cartilage with very high collagen content; found in intervertebral discs, TMJ, and meniscus.
68
What is bone made of?
ECM (90% collagen) and mineralized with calcium phosphate.
69
What gives bone its strength?
Compression resistance from calcification and tension resistance from collagen.
70
What are osteogenic cells?
Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.
71
What are osteoblasts?
Cells that synthesize and secrete the bone matrix.
72
What are osteocytes?
Mature bone cells embedded in calcified matrix; maintain mineral concentration.
73
What are osteoclasts?
Multinucleated cells that resorb (break down) bone.
74
What is intramembranous ossification?
Direct bone formation from mesenchymal cells (e.g., skull bones).
75
What is endochondral ossification?
Bone formation by replacing a cartilage template (e.g., long bones like femur).
76
Where does primary ossification start?
In the diaphysis (shaft) of the bone.
77
Where does secondary ossification occur?
In the epiphysis (ends) of the bone around birth.
78
What is the epiphyseal plate?
The growth plate; site of longitudinal bone growth.
79
How does growth occur at the epiphyseal plate?
Chondrocytes proliferate, hypertrophy, calcify matrix, die, and are replaced by bone.

Dynamic cell (10 decks)

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