Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharm Final Exam > Topic 18 > Flashcards

Topic 18 Flashcards

1
Q

2 functions of the pancreas are?

A

exocrine

endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The Endocrine Pancreas produces what?

A

insulin (signalling a “fed” state)
glucagon (signalling a “hungry” state)
gastrin, somatostatin, and many others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Beta cells secrete what? which causes?

A

insulin which causes blood glucose to decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Alpha cells secrete what? which causes?

A

glucagon which causes blood glucose to increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Delta cells secrete what? which regulates?

A

somatostatin which regulates a LOT of things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The Exocrine Pancreas releases what?

A

bicarb

digestive zymogens to break down fats and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Diabetes insipidus=

A

Critter doesn’t produce or kidneys don’t respond toVasopressin (Antidiuretic Hormone/ADH)
- which creates dilute/unconcentrated urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Diabetes mellitus (DM) [all 4 types] are characterized as what?

A 
an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin
#1) Type 1
#2) Type 2
#3) Type 3 “Other” DM
#4) Gestational DM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

normal glucose levels

A

75-115

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Type 1 DM=

A

Insulin-Dependent DM (IDDM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Type 2 DM=

A

Non-Insulin-Dependent DM (NIDDM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Broadly, Type 1 DM is an ____ insulin deficiency and Type 2 DM is a _____ deficiency of insulin

A

absolute

relative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

which type is more prevalent over 35 years old

A

type 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which type is more common

A

type 2 (90-95%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

which type has a greater genetic predisposition

A

type 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

which type so critters produce variable amounts of insulin and exhibit insulin resistance

A

type 2

–These critters typically require increasing doses of insulin and combination therapy with other antihyperglycemics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

with which type- due to side effects of drugs, toxins, viral infections, genetic predispositions, etc. Variable in course & treatment

A

Type 3 DM: Other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Type 4 DM: Gestational: Women may develop extreme insulin resistance during their ____ trimesters of pregnancy

A

third

  • -same time they might be prone to blowing out mitral valves, as a result of hormonal changes
  • -Controlled with insulin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

uncontrolled Type 4 DM can lead to what?

A

extremely large babies, dystocia, and neonatal hypoglycemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

describe insulin’s chemical structure

A

A small polypeptide consisting of two chains (A & B) connected by a disulfide bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

insulin’s half life

A

3-5 minute half-life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Since insulin is removed from circulation so rapidly (3-5 minute half-life), plasma insulin levels are not an accurate measure of insulin production. What measurement is better?

A

C-protein measurement is a better guide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the C-Protein

A

A 31 amino acid peptide used to differentiate Type 1 DM from Type 2 DM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

C-Protein half life and what it means

A

Half-life of C-Protein is ~30 minutes

–Therefore ~5X as much in the blood stream as insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where is insulin produced and in response to what?

A

produced by β-cells in the pancreas in response to glucose (the archetypical “fed state”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Insulin’s main effect target tissues are? What effect does insulin exhibit on these?

A

liver, fat, and muscle

exhibits anabolic effects on these target tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Insulin is increasingly being used by perfusionists for what type of therapy?

A

hyperkalemia therapy

–often in conjunction with glucose to “drive” potassium intracellularly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

insulin drug names that are Rapid onset/short-acting (4)

A 
Regular insulin (Humulin R, Novolin R)
Insulin aspart (Novolog)
Insulin glulisine (Apidra)
Insulin lispro (Humalog)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Regular insulin

A

(Humulin R, Novolin R)

30
Q

Insulin aspart

A

(Novolog)

31
Q

Insulin glulisine

A

(Apidra)

32
Q

Insulin lispro

A

(Humalog)

33
Q

insulin drug name that is Intermediate onset/intermediate acting

A

Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin

Humulin N, Novolin N

34
Q

Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin

A

(Humulin N, Novolin N)

35
Q

insulin drug names that are Long acting insulins (2)

A 
Insulin glargine (Lantus)
Insulin detemir (Levemir)
Do NOT mix with other types of insulin!
36
Q

Insulin glargine

A

(Lantus)

37
Q

Insulin detemir

A

(Levemir)

38
Q

The ADA recommends diabetics’ blood glucose (BG) maintain a mean of?

A

154 mg/ml.

39
Q

Long-term BG measurement is via

A

Glycated (glycosylated) Hb (HbA1c)

40
Q

Injectable Antihyperglycemic drug name

A

Pramlintide (Symlin)

41
Q

Pramlintide

A

(Symlin)

42
Q

Incretin Mimetic drug names

A

Exenatide (Byetta): SHORT ACTING

Liraglutide (Victoza): LONG ACTING

43
Q

Exenatide

A

(Byetta)

44
Q

Liraglutide

A

(Victoza)

45
Q

Incretins are hormones released by the GI tract post-prandially that stimulate the pancreas to do what?

A

release insulin, slow gastric emptying, decrease glucagon release, and encourage β-cell growth

46
Q

name the Oral Insulin “Adjuncts” (5)

A
  • Insulin Secretagogues
  • Insulin Sensitizers
  • α-Glucosidase Inhibitors
  • Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitors
  • Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter Inhibitors (SGLT Inhibitors)
47
Q

Insulin Secretagogues: Sulfonylureas (3) drug names

A

Glyburide (Diabeta, Micronase)
Glimepiride (Amaryl)
Glipizide (Glucotrol)

48
Q

Insulin Secretagogues: Glinides (2) drug names

A

Nateglinide (Starlix)

Repaglinide (Prandin)

49
Q

Insulin Sensitizers: Biguanides (1) drug names

A

Metformin (Glucophage)

50
Q

Insulin Sensitizers: Thiazolidinediones (2) drug names

A

Pioglitazone (Actos)

Rosiglitazone (Avandia)

51
Q

Glyburide

A

(Diabeta, Micronase)

52
Q

Glipizide

A

(Glucotrol)

53
Q

Glimepiride

A

(Amaryl)

54
Q

Nateglinide

A

(Starlix)

55
Q

Repaglinide

A

(Prandin)

56
Q

Metformin

A

(Glucophage)

57
Q

Pioglitazone

A

(Actos)

58
Q

Rosiglitazone

A

(Avandia)

59
Q

what do Biguanides prevent and why is it important?

A

Prevents hepatic gluconeogenesis (huh?)

***This is very important because hepatic glucose production is the main source of excessive glucose in Type-2 DM!

60
Q

what do Thiazolidinediones do?

A

Increase intracellular receptors in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue to become more sensitive to endogenous insulin

61
Q

α-Glucosidase Inhibitors drug name (2)

A

Acarbose (Precose)

Miglitol (Glyset)

62
Q

what do α-Glucosidase Inhibitors do

A

Work by reversibly inhibiting an enzyme in the small intestines that helps digest polysaccharides into simple sugars

63
Q

Acarbose

A

(Precose)

64
Q

Miglitol

A

(Glyset)

65
Q

Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitors drug names(2)

A

Saxagliptin (Onglyza)

Sitagliptin (Januvia)

66
Q

what do Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitors do?

A

Work at the cellular level to increase post-prandial insulin release while inhibiting glucagon (insulin’s physiologic antagonist) release

67
Q

Saxagliptin

A

(Onglyza)

68
Q

Sitagliptin

A

(Januvia)

69
Q

Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter Inhibitors (SGLT Inhibitors) drug name (1)

A

Canagliflozin (Inkovana)

70
Q

what do Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter Inhibitors (SGLT Inhibitors) do?

A

SGLT2 is a low affinity, high capacity transport mechanism in the proximal tubule
•It’s designed to “capture” glucose lost in renal filtration
•Glucose is therefore freely “lost” into the urine

71
Q

Canagliflozin

A

(Inkovana)

72
Q

what Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter Inhibitors (SGLT Inhibitors) was almost approved for use in the US?

A

Dapagliflozin (Farxiga)

*A 6-fold increase in bladder cancer

Pharm Final Exam (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions