Topic 2

Question 1

What is a monomer and polymer

Answer 1

A monomer is a small molecule that joins with other molecules to create a chain or polymer

Question 2

What are the 3 glucose polymers and their functions

Answer 2

Starch is a glucose store in plants
Fibre or cellulose is in cell walls in plants and helps the digestion of animals
Glycogen is for the storage of glucose in animals

Question 3

What are the 2 Animo acids polymers and their functions

Answer 3

Keratin strengths hair and nails
Enzymes build and break down polymers and monomers

Question 4

What are the 3 enzymes where they are made, where they work and what they do

Answer 4

Amylase:
Salivary gland and pancreas
Mounth and small intestine
Breaks starch into glucose

Protease:
Stomach/ pancreas
Stomach/ small intestine
Breaks proteins into amino acids

Lipase:
Pancreas
Small intestine
Breaks lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

Question 5

What 3 points summarise the ph enzyme correlation graph

Answer 5

Equal both sides
Reversible to a degree if optimum ph is restored
Different optimum phs for different parts of the body e.g stomach acid in the small intestine is alkali

Question 6

Describe the temperature and enzyme correlation graph

Answer 6

As temperatures increase so do enzyme and substrate collisions because there is more kinetic energy so more enzyme-substrate collisions and then denatures after optimum pH as the active store changes shape

Question 7

How dose the body digest fat in 5 points

Answer 7

Viable fat
Chew to increase surface area
Bile emulsifies so the surface area is increased again
Lipase digests
3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecules

Question 8

How dose small intestine absorb glucose

Answer 8

The Villi increase the surface area so glucose can be absorbed by diffusion and active transport

Question 9

What is the chemical test for starch

Answer 9

Add iodine
Blue-black is a positive result
It stays orange for a negative result

Question 10

What is then chemical test for protein

Answer 10

Add buret reagent
Turns purple for positive
Stays blue for negative

Question 11

What is the chemical test for glucose

Answer 11

Add Benedict’s reagent, hear at 60 degrees for 5 minutes
Green is the least up to red which is the most positive result
Blue is negative

Question 12

What is the chemical test for lipids

Answer 12

Ethanol and then water
Cloudy is positive
Clear is negative

Question 13

List where blood goes interms of the heart

Answer 13

Vena cava
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary artery
Lungs (oxygenated)
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Aorta
Body (deoxygenated)

Question 14

Where is the pacemaker naturally

Answer 14

The bottom left in the right atrium

Question 15

What divides the heart in two

Answer 15

Septum nerves crossroads

Question 16

Describe the vein’s structure

Answer 16

Bigger than an artery
Thin muscular walls
Valves to stop back flow

Question 17

Describe the structure of artery’s

Answer 17

Thick, elasticated walls
Small lumen

Question 18

Describe the structure of the capillaries

Answer 18

Thin one cell thick walls
Much thinner than artery of vein

Question 19

What are the 4 components of blood

Answer 19

Red blood cells
Plasma
White blood cells
Platelets

Question 20

What dose plasma do

Answer 20

Transports mainly water
But also cells, nutrients, hormones, antibodies, waste products

Question 21

What are platelets for

Answer 21

Blood clotting

Question 22

What is a communicable disease give some examples

Answer 22

Caused by pathogens which are michro organisms such as virus, bacteria, fungus, protist

Measles
HIV and AIDs
Salmonella
Malaria

Question 23

What is health

Answer 23

Physical, mental, social wellbeing

Question 24

What is a disease

Answer 24

A condition affecting the normal functioning of the body and has typical signs and symptoms

Question 25

Name some inherited, lifestyle and mixture noncomunicable diseases

Answer 25

Inherited- type 1 diabetes, cystic fibrosis Lifestyle- obesity, type 2 diabetes Mixture- heart disease, lung cancer

Question 26

Explain coronary heart disease in 5 steps

Answer 26

Fat builds up in the lumen of coronary arteries because of extra fat in the diet Blood clots form on the fatty lumps The lumen narrows reducing blood flow to the heart Lack of oxygen means heart cells die The heart weakens and can beet irregularly causing a heart attack

Question 27

What is the order of the 7 possible coronary heart disease solutions

Answer 27

Lifestyle changes Statins Stents Bypass surgery Valve replacement Artificial pacemaker Heart transplant

Question 28

Explain what a statin is

Answer 28

A tablet used to reduce blood cholesterol levels slowing fat deposites rate

Question 29

Explain how a stent works

Answer 29

The stent is a wire mesh with a balloon inside, inflating and pushing the walls out to widen the lumen The ballon is removed and the mesh is left in

Question 30

What is bypasss surgery

Answer 30

Blood bypasses the blocked artery by making a new path

Question 31

What is a valve replacement

Answer 31

Artificial valves mimic heart valves and can be plastic which dose not corrode or biological ones from animal that need replacing

Question 32

What are the things you must have for getting a heart transplant

Answer 32

Doctors will use an artificial heart until a rare match is found Anti rejection meds must be taken for the rest of their life

Question 33

What are the two types of cancer lumps

Answer 33

Beign and malignant

Question 34

What are the differences between beign and malignant cancer

Answer 34

They are both abnormal cells that grow in one place, however the malignant then spreads Beign is more Symmetrical and had a clear border whereas making malignant more difficult to remove

Question 35

Photosynthesis equation

Answer 35

Carbon dioxide +water (With light energy and chlorophyll) —> glucose +oxygen

Question 36

When will the stomata close

Answer 36

At night as there’s not enough light or too hot when all water needed for photosynthesis will evaporate

Question 37

Explain the 6 steps of transpiration

Answer 37

Root hair cells move mineral ions in by active transport Water moves into the cell my osmosis Water moves through other root hair cells to the xylem Water travels up the xylem in a continuous stream called the transpiration stream Water evaporates as it enters the leaf OR water vapour leaves by diffusion through the stomata

Question 38

6 factors affecting rate of transpiration

Answer 38

Light intensity means more photosynthesis can happen and more stomata can be open Higher temperature means more water evaporates Wind and air movement means water vapour particles are pushed away increasing the concentration gradient A larger surface area means more stomata Humidity decreases the diffusion gradient so transpiration decreases A waxy cuticle means less evaporation

Question 39

What can be used to measure water uptake by transpiration

Answer 39

Photometer

Question 40

How are the 4 ways glucose is used in plants

Answer 40

Cellulose is in cell walls Starch is a food store Sucrose is the store in fruits Glucose is used for respiration

Question 41

Why cannot glucose stay as a monomer

Answer 41

Glucose is soluble so affects the water potential in the cells and will move away from storage And needs to be changed to become insoluble for osmosis

Question 42

What is translocation

Answer 42

The movement of materials in plants from leaves to other parts of the plant Cell sap contains glucose is moved up and down the stem from the leaves growing and storage tissues which requires energy

Question 43

What are the 8 leaf components and functions

Answer 43

Waxy cuticle prevents water loss by evaporation through the top of the leaf Upper epidermis is transparent to allow light for photosynthesis Palisade cells are packed with chloroplasts round the edges to maximise photosynthesis Spoonful mesophyll dose more photosynthesis Air pockets allow gases to diffuse through the leaf Guard cells open and close the stomata to prevent water loss The xylem caries water and minerals up from the leaves The phloem caries shugard up and down the plant from the leaves (smaller than the xylem)