Topic 2: Development Dynamics

Question 1

What is GDP per Capita

Answer 1

GDP per Capita: Gross Domestic Product per person is the total value of goods and services produced by a country a year divided by the population to give an average wealth per person. Capita is Latin for person

Question 2

What is the poverty line

Answer 2

This is the minimum income line required to meet someones basic needs. It is $1.25 per person a day atm

Question 3

What is inequality

Answer 3

This is the word for how equal the wealth is shared within a population. The richest 10% and poorest 10% is used, measuring the GDP owned by them

Question 4

How is safe water measured

Answer 4

This is a social factor with the percentage of the population with access to piped water supply. It has to be within 1km to them

Question 5

How is literacy measured

Answer 5

This is the percentage of the population over 15 who can read and write

Question 6

What is the corruption Index:

Answer 6

This is where the systems of government are measured to see how stable of corrupt they are. On a 1-10 scale, 10 being very corrupt

Question 7

What is the Human Development Index

Answer 7

The HDI uses a single figure (0 - 1) to measure countries, by calculating 4 different parts:
Life expectancy, literacy, the average length of school and the GDP per capita.
It is the UN’s choice more measuring development and is one of the fairest.

Question 8

What is the population structure

Answer 8

The number (or percent) of people in each age group (e.g 10-14)

Question 9

What is demographic data

Answer 9

All data linked to population change e.g birth rate, death rate

Question 10

Birth rate

Answer 10

Number of births per thousand per year

Question 11

Death rate

Answer 11

Number of deaths per 1000 per year

Question 12

What is the dependency ratio

Answer 12

This is the proportion of:
people below 14 and above 65
________________________________
Over the working age

Question 13

What is life expectancy

Answer 13

Average number of years a person can expect to live

Question 14

What is Maternal Mortality

Answer 14

Number of mothers per 100,000 who die in child birth

Question 15

Give 3 environmental consequences of inequality

Answer 15

Poorer countries are struggling to adapt and pay for climate change
Natural disasters have led to deaths and money spent on redeveloping
It is landlocked so more money sent exporting and importing

Question 16

Give 3 political consequences of inequality

Answer 16

Poor governments manage poorly, and take money for themselves
Many governments are corrupt and little is spent on the people
History/colonialism means less profits in the past and did little for the people. Natural resources would also of been stolen

Question 17

Give 3 social consequences of inequality

Answer 17

Many people cannot read and write
Landlocked places can be taken advantage of by non-landlocked locations
Sometimes countries like North Korea refuse to import or export with other countries

Question 18

Give 3 economic consequences of inequality

Answer 18

1/5 of the worlds population live in absolute population, and lack money, food and medicine
Inequality is very bad im poor countries as the poor are not helped
Many countries cannot afford healthcare, food and other essentials for their people

Question 19

What is fertility rate

Answer 19

Average number of births per woman in her reproductive life

Question 20

What is Franks Dependency Theory

Answer 20

He believes the poorer countries (periphery) sell their raw resources to the rich (core), and they send out goods

Criticised as has been proved wrong as he believed colonised countries were less developed, but Singapore and Ethiopia
Countries which seem to follow this still remain poor, and some develop

Question 21

Rostow’s Modernisation Theory

Answer 21

He hated communism, and believed countries must be capitalist to succeed.
5 steps
Traditional society: most in agriculture produce little
Pre conditions for take off: Move from farming to Manufacturing
Take off: Rapid growth of manufacturing, better tech and infrastructure
Drive to Maturity: Economic growth all over economy, new industries, consumer goods etc
High mass consumption:
A period of comfort, systems fully developed. Heavy investment

Criticisms: fairly capitalist, not very detailed, and does not tell them how to do things )

Question 22

How does Climate affect a countries development?

Answer 22

1) If a country has a poor climate, such as really hot or really cold, it reduces the amount of food produced, causing malnutrition
2) People also have fewer crops to sell, so less money to spend on goods and services, reducing quality of life

Question 23

How does education affect a countries development

Answer 23

1) Educating people produce a skilled workforce, meaning that the country can produce more goods and offer more services e.g ICT
2) Educated people also earn more, so they pay more taxes so there is more money for development

Question 24

How does Colonialism affect a countries development

Answer 24

1) Countries that were colonised are often less developed when they gain independence then what they would be at if they had never been colonised
2) European countries colonised much of Africa and removed the raw resources and slaves, and sold back manufactured goods. This was bad for African development as Africa was dependent on Europe

Question 25

How does Topography (shape of land) affect a countries development

Answer 25

1) If the land in a country is steep then it wont be able to produce much food
2) Steep land also makes it hard for infrastructure e.g roads

Question 26

How does health affect a countries development

Answer 26

1) In some poorer countries, lack of clean water and poor health care mean that people suffer from diseases such a malaria
2) People who are ill cant work, so they’re not contributing to the economy and need expensive health care
3) Lack of economic contribution and increased spending on health care means there is less money for development

Question 27

How does Neo-colonialism affect a countries development

Answer 27

1) After colonies gained their independence, TNC’s exploit the cheap labour and raw materials
2) International organisations sometimes offer conditional loans, so countries have to develop in the way their donors want them to

Question 28

How can economic and political affairs affect a countries development

Answer 28

1) Authoritarian governments can put development policies in place without worrying about being stopped. This can be good like China, or bad like Cuba
2) Corrupt governments can hinder development e.g by taking more thats intended for infrastructure or development
3) Countries with good international relations can get good trade agreements and loans

Question 29

What is globalisation?

Answer 29

Globalisation is the process of all the worlds systems and cultures becoming more integrated - the whole world coming together like a single community

Question 30

Why is globalisation increasing

Answer 30

The movement of money and people between countries
Businesses locating their operations and selling their products in more countries
Improvements in ICT include e-mail, the internet and phones can carry more information quicker. This makes it easier for businesses to communicate
Improvements in transport such as airports allows easier travel for people and supplies

Question 31

How are TNC’s increasing globalism

Answer 31

TNC’s link countries together through the production and sales of goods
They also bring culture from their country of origin to many different countries
TNC’s also promote a culture of consumerism, as less developed countries see what developed countries have such as phones and TV’s

Question 32

How are governments increasing globalism

Answer 32

1) Free trade is encouraged by some governments
2) Governments compete with each other for investment from TNC’s, who will bring jobs, income from taxes and promote economic development
3) Governments hand over services and industries to private companies such as the English rail service

Question 33

Positives and negatives of globalisation of countries

Answer 33

Benefits - for developing countries such as China and Brazil
They get cheap labour, governments, cheap raw materials, available land

Problems - it increases global inequality
Free trade benefits richer economy’s, and TNC’s profits normally go to developed countries, not the poorer one being exploited
Skilled workers leave poorer countries

Question 34

What are top-down schemes and how do they help global inequalities

Answer 34

This is when a government or TNC funds a large project such as a dam to solve a large scale problem and improve lots of lives
The projects are usually expensive, so are normally funded by TNC’s or governments of developed countries who will profit
Often are high tech and energy intensive, so the poorer country depends on the richer for operation and maintenance

Question 35

What are bottom up schemes and how do they help global inequality

Answer 35

Local people, communities and normally NGO’s decide on ways to improve their own community
Usually small scale like maintaining the village well to improve conditions for the poorest people
Projects are usually cheap and money comes from charities
Uses intermediate technology, local materials and local resources

Question 36

What is a NGO?

Answer 36

A NGO is a non-governmental organisation that are not for profit and are independent from governments

Question 37

What are the advantages and disadvantages of schemes organised by NGO’s

Answer 37

A: Projects are designed to address the needs of the locals
Locally available and cheap materials are used so there are no expensive imports
projects require labour, so employ local people
D: Projects are often small scale so do not benefit everyone
Different organisations may not work together so projects may be ineffective

Question 38

What are IGO’s

Answer 38

These are Inter-governmental organisations like the world bank or UN. They are made up of governments from many countries

Question 39

What are advantages and disadvantages of schemes organised by IGO’s

Answer 39

A: They can afford large infrastructure projects, they can improve the countries economy with long term development. They also improve peoples ways of life
D: They are often expensive and the country may have to pay the money back.
The projects may not benefit everyone, and the government could be corrupt and take the money
Projects are commonly energy intensive

Question 40

What are TNC’s

Answer 40

These are Transnational companies that produce products, sell products or are located more then one country

Question 41

What are the benefits and problems with schemes organised by TNC’s

Answer 41

A: They provide employment for local people, pay taxes, can run programmes to help development, and may even invest in infrastructure, improving roads, basic services and communication lines
D: Some profits head back to the overseas headquarters, they can cause environmental problems, and may even move country to take advantage of tax breaks, leaving their employees behind