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BIOL10002 > Topic 3 > Flashcards

Topic 3 Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

2 Methods to discover when mutlicellularity occurred

A

Fossil evidence
Molecular clock

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2
Q

what did fossil evidence show and not show for multicellularity

A

It showed emergence but not divergence

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3
Q

what the molecular clock show for multicellularity

A

divergence estimation

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4
Q

what does the molecular clock do

A

estimates time period based off DNA mutations where the more mutated the DNA the more time has passed

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5
Q

Transition to multicellularity steps

A
  1. aggregation of cells
  2. intercellular communication
  3. cell specialisation
  4. organisation of specialised cells into tissue
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6
Q

benefits of multicellularity

A

larger so decreased likelihood of predators
cells can be better at their jobs and more efficient

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7
Q

diffusion

A

passive movement of substances down a concentration gradient

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8
Q

what molecules use diffusion

A

small gases
vitamins
glucose

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9
Q

what molecules can’t use diffusion

A

charged molecules
large molecules e.g. hormones

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10
Q

osmosis

A

movement of only water across a semi permeable membrane down a concentration gradient

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11
Q

what happens to the SA:V ratio as molecules get larger

A

it decreases

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12
Q

problems with multicellularity and large organisms

A
  1. small SA:V ration
  2. distance bw internal and external environment is large
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13
Q

solutions to large SA:V ratio and large distance bw internal and external environment

A
  1. internal aqueous environment
  2. circulatory system
  3. complex transport systems
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14
Q

exchange surface

A

groups of cells whose role is to exchange substances with the environment

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15
Q

features of exchange surfaces

A

large SA, flat, long, branched and thin

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16
Q

Ficks law

A

rate of diffusion = SA x Partial Pressure Gradient x diffusion coefficient / diffusion distance

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17
Q

how do lungs enhance diffusion

A

increase SA, increase PPG, thin diffusion barrier

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18
Q

gas exchange in leaves occurs in

A

stomata

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19
Q

where does diffusion occur in leaves

A

spongy mesophyll

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20
Q

homeostasis

A

bodys ability to maintain a stable internal environment in response to changing external environment

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21
Q

positive feedback

A

product of a process stimulates further production leading to increased response

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22
Q

pos feedback e.g.

A

blood clotting and platelets

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23
Q

negative feedback

A

product of a process reduces the initial stimulus

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24
Q

neg feedback e.g.

A

insulin and BGL regulation

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25
cell signalling
mechanisms that coordinate responses within and between cells
26
intercellular signalling
communication between cells
27
quorum sensing
bacterial communication
28
autocrine signalling
ligand activates same cell it was released from
29
paracrine signalling
ligand targets nearby cell
30
contact-dependant signalling
communication through physically linked cells though gap junctions (animal) or plasmodesmata (plant)
31
endocrine signalling
communication between different parts of an organism
32
synaptic signalling
communication used by neurone
33
stages of signalling cascade
detection transduction responce
34
hypoglycaemia
low BGL seizures and loss of consciousness glucagon
35
hyperglycaemia
high BGL heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, vision impairment insulin
36
insulin
released from beta cells when high BGL binds to receptor in liver increases number of glucose transporters activates glycogen synthase
37
glucagon
released from alpha cells when low BGL binds to liver cell receptors activates glycogen phosphorylase activation of glycogen synthase
38
6 classes of plant hormones
abscisic acid cytokinis auxins ethylene gibberellins brassinosteroids \
39
roles of plant hormones
growth and development seed dormancy defence against herbivores stress responce
40
water homeostasis in plants
1. dry conditions 2. ABA released 3. guard cells flaccid 4. stomata close 5. no water loss
41
action potential stages
1. receive neurotransmitter 2. neuron repolarises 3. of -55mV (threshold) reached then Na+ channels open 4. Na+ rush into cell and cell reaches -40mV 5. K+ channels open and K+ flows out of cell 6. neuron in in refractory period until resting potential is reached again
42
synapse
= point where 2 neurons meet
43
embryogenesis
formation of a multicellular organism from a zygote
44
determination
cells commit to a certain type
45
morphogenesis
cells and tissues organise and arrange themselves to create the final body form
46
differentiation
cells divide into specialised and different cell types
47
cell specific genes
gene expressed in 1 cell type
48
house keeping genes
genes expressed in all cells
49
stages of animal development
1. fertilisation 2. cleavage 3. gastrulation 4. organogenesis 5. metamorphis
50
different germ layers
ectoderm endoderm mesoderm
51
ectoderm
skin and nervous tissue
52
endoderm
gut and lungs
53
mesoderm
connective tissues, muscles , blood vessels
54
stem cells
undifferentiated cells that divide infinitely
55
totipotent
divide into all cells
56
pluripotent
divide into all cells except embryonic cells
57
multipotent
divide into many cells
58
unipotent
divide into 1 cell type
59
plant embryogenesis
1. apical-basal axis and polarity established 2. spherical embryo and linear suspension form 3. root and shoot form 4. embryo becomes cylindrical and tissues differentiate
60
meristem
undifferentiated cells that divide into multiple different cells
61
types of meristem
protoderm ground procambian
62
protoderm
epidermis
63
ground
cortex and pith
64
procambian
xylem and phloem
65
primary growth
elongation of roots and shoots
66
secondary growth
widening of roots and shoots
67
tissues
group of structurally similar cells that work together as functional units
68
4 tissue types
epithelial muscle connective nervous
69
epithelial
cover external body parts, line internal surfaces and form glands
70
muscle
specialised contractive cells that facilitate movement
71
connective
contain cells in a viscous matrix of extracellular fibres, provide structural support, transport nutrients and reserve fat
72
nervous
neurons that respond to stimuli by electrical signals
73
cell-cell junctions
large protein complexes that link cells in a matrix or to cells
74
extracellular matrix
interconnected network of fibres and ground substances
75
3 types of neurons
motor, sensory, inter
76
glial cell types and roles
types = Schwann cells, satellite cells, microglia, astrocytes role = provide mechanical support to neurons
77
skeletal muscles
bundle of muscle fibres consisting of multiple microfibres
78
organs
composed of multiple tissue types that fulfil multiple functions
79
organ systems
multiple organs working together to fulfil a function
80
plant tissues
meristematic permanent
81
permenant cell tissue
permenantly differentiated cells that no longer divide dermal, vascular, ground
82
dermal tissue
promotes gas exchange and helps with defence
83
vascular tissue
xylem and phloem
84
ground tissue
site of photosynthesis
85
plant organs
roots shoots
86
tonocity
how extracellular solute concentration changes plant cell volume hypotonic hypertonic isotonic
87
water potential
tendency of a solution to take up water from pure water across a membrane
88
cohesion
tendency for same molecules to stick together due to intermolecular forces
89
2 water uptake pathways
apoplast symplast
90
steps of water uptake
1. water and solutes enter the roots via osmosis 2. water and solutes from apoplast forced into endodermal cells 3. water and solutes remain in symplast 4. souls ate actively transported out of cell and water passively follows
91
xylem
long tubular structure of dead cells which transports water using capillary action
92
how does transpiration occur
water evaporates which causes increased tension leading to water in the xylem being drawn out
93
translocation
distribution of photosynthesis products around the plant
94
sugar source
produced more sugar than consumed e.g. leave
95
sugar sink
use more sugar that produces e.g. roots, fruits, stems
96
phloem
long structure composed sieve tube elements and companion cells
97
mass flow hypothesis
1. solutes are actively transported through companion cells to sieve tube via plasmodesmata 2. sucrose accumulates and water potential decreases 3. water enters via osmosis 4. phloem sap moves away from pressure 5. sucrose travels to sink cells with increase water potential in sieve cells 6. water leaves phloem via osmosis
98
components of animal circulatory system
muscle pump tubular vessels in circuit circulatory fluid gas exchange organ
99
advantage of closed circulatory system
fluid flow more rapid control of flow specialised content e.g. nutrients, RBC and hormones
100
cardiac cycle
1. SA node sends signal 2. both atria contract 3. AV node receives signal and pauses 4. single goes to bundle of HIS then purkinje fibres 5. ventricles contract and blood is pumped
101
gas exchange
1. O2 enter lungs and mixes with other gases 2. alveolar pressure decreases 3. O2 is taken up by the lungs 4. O2 diffuses from alveoli to capillaries 5. O2 binds to haemoglobin to travel to tissues

BIOL10002 (4 decks)

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