Topic 3 - Infection and response Flashcards
(33 cards)
What are pathogens?
They are microorganisms that enter your body and cause disease, they cause communicable diseases that are spread easily.
What do bacteria produce to make you feel ill?
They produce toxins that damage your cells and tissues.
What are viruses?
They are tiny, they reproduce rapidly in your body causing your cells to burst.
What type of disease is measeles and how is it spread?
Measeles is a viral disease spread by droplets, air.
What type of disease is HIV and how is it spread and how does it harm the body?
It is a virus and is spread by sexual contact or exchanging bodily fluids. The virus attacks the immune cells.
What disease is Tobacco Mosaic virus and how is it spread and how can you spot it?
It is a virus that effects plants, it causes a mosiac pattern on the leaves and causes them to become discoloured? Therefore the plant can not carry out photosynthesis.
What disease is rose black spot and what does it do and how can you treat it?
It is a fungal disease. It causes purple or black spots on the leaf, This causes them to turn yellow and drop off. Therefore less photosythesis can happen so the plant dosen’t grow as well.You can treat thgis disease using fungacides and stripping the plant of it’s affected leaves then destroy these leaves.
What type of disease is mallaria and how can you prevent it.
Mallaria is a protist disease. This occurs through a msoquito where it is a vector the mosquitoes pick it up while feeding on an infected animal. The mosquitoe then infects other animals while feeding off it by inserting a protist.Malaria causes a reapeating cycle of feavers.You can stop or prevent it by stopping the breeding of mosquitoes or use mosquito nets or insect reppelent.
What type of disease is Salmonella and how can you prevent it and treat it.
Salmonella is a Bacterial disease.Infected people suffer a fever, stomach cramps, vommiting and diarrhoea.These symtoms are caused by toxins that the bacteria produce.You can get salmonella by eating food that is contaminated with salmonella bacteria.You can treat it by using antibiotics.You can prevnt it by vaccinating animals.
What disease is Gonorrea and how is it caused and how can you treat it?
It is a bacterial disease.It is caused by sexual contact.A symtom is pain while urinating and yellow discharge from reproductive areas.You can treat it using antibiotics.You can stop it using barrier such as a condom.
Name me 4 ways the spread of disease can be reduced?
Basic hygine such as washing your hands or thouroghly preparing your food. Destroying vectors such as mosquitoes by destroying their habitat so they can no longer breed.Isolating infected individuals so they can not pass on the disease.Vaccination to reduce the chance of developing an infection.
Name me some defense systems in your body.
Skin acts as barrier for pathogens.Hairs and mucus in the nose trap particles that could contain pathogens.The trachea and bronchi produce mucus.The trachea and bronchi are lined with cilia. These are hair like structures that push it up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed.The stomach produces hydrochloric acid to kill pathogens.
What are the three ways that white blood cells do to kill a pathogen?
(They comsume them) - They engulf foreign cells and digest them this is called phagocytosis.(They prodcuce antibodies.) - Each pathogen has a antigen on it’s surface when the white blood cells come accros it they produce antibodies to lock onto the antigen making it easier to detect and get eaten. If a person gets infected with the same pathogen again the antibodies will rapidy produce the antibodies to kill it.Antitoxins counter toxins produced by bacteria.
What is a memory cell?
A memory cell is a lymphcyte that remain in the body after infection. They produce the specific antibodies against the pathogens antiges so that if there is a seccondary infection the time taken to produced antibodies decreases.
How does vaccination work?
A vaccine contains dead or weakened versions of a pathogen. It is usually injected into the body.The white blood cells (specifically lymphocytes) detect these antigens as foreign and produce antibodies to attack them. After the pathogen is destroyed, some of the white blood cells turn into memory cells. These stay in the body for a long time. If the same pathogen enters the body again, the memory cells recognise it and produce antibodies much faster and in greater numbers. This stops you getting ill.
What are some PROS to vaccination?
Vaccination has helped control lots of communicable diseases that were once common in the uk.Big outbreaks of diseases can be prevented of large percentage of the population are vaccinated.
What are some CONS to vaccination?
They don’t always work.Sometimes you may habe a bad reaction howver they are rare.
What plant did the drug asprin originate from?
Willow.
What drug digtails come from.
Came from foxglove.
Who invented penniclin?
Alexander Flemming.
What happens in the first step of drug testing.
Drugs are tested on human cells and tissues in the lab. However you can’t test it on cells and tissues that affect whole or multiple body systems.
What happens during the second stage of drug testing and why?
The drugs are tested on live animals this is test for efficacy (whether a drug works or not) and to find out about it’s toxicity and to find the best dosage.
What happens during the third stage of drug testing?
The drug is first tested on healthy human volunteers to ensure there are no harmful side effects. Then the drug is given to people suffering from the illness to find the optimum dosage. To test the efficacy of the drug patients are randomly put into two groups. One is given the drug the other is given a placebo (drug that has no effect) so the doctors can see the difference the actual drug makes. Clinical trails are blind or double blind meaning the patient or doctors do not know whether they are getting the real drug or the placebo so they can not be influnanced.Once done the data must be peer reviewed before being published to prevent false claims.
How are monoclonal antibodies used?
Mouse injected with the chosen antigen.Mouse produces antibodiesThe antibodies are fused together with a tumour cell to create a hybridoma cell.The hybridoma devides rapidly to produce clones.
