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BIOL10002 > Topic 4 > Flashcards

Topic 4 Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Steps in transcription

A
  1. RNA polymerase recognises initiator protein
  2. RNA polymerase unwinds DNA to make 2 single strands of DNA
  3. trasnscription continues to create elongated 5’-3’ molecule of RNA using complementary base pairing
  4. termination sequence defines end of gene and releases RNA polymerase and RNA template
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2
Q

core promotor

A

TATA box
transcription start site
RNA polymerase binding site

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2
Q

3 steps of gene expression

A

transcription
RNA splicing/processing
translation

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3
Q

RNA processing

A

introns removed
5’ methyl cap added
3’ poly-A-tail added

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4
Q

degenerate meaning

A

multiples codons code for same amino acid

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5
Q

universal meaning

A

RNA codons code for same AA in all organisms

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6
Q

start codon

A

AUG - met

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7
Q

open reading frame

A

region of DNA that corresponds to an mRNA sequence that can be translated into a polypeptide sequence

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8
Q

role of tRNA

A

contains anticodons which recognise codons and transports amino acids

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9
Q

central dogma

A

generic info in DNA is transferred to RNA to produce a protein

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10
Q

RNA composed of

A

ribose
phosphate group
nitrogenous base (a,u,c,g)

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11
Q

types of RNA

A

messenger
ribosomal
transfer

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12
Q

translation steps

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

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13
Q

Initiation in prokaryotes

A

small ribosome subunit recognises AUG start codon by binding to ribosome
tRNA attaches to codon
large ribosome subunit attaches

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14
Q

Initiation in eukaryotes

A

small ribosome subunits recognises 5’ methyl cap and scans for start codon
large subunit attaches

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15
Q

elongation

A

ribosome moves in 5’ to 3’ direction
charged tRNA enters A site
ribosome catalyses the formation of a peptide bond
ribosome repositions over next codon and uncharged codon is released

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16
Q

termination

A

release factors enter A site when stop codon enters A site
release factors disconnects polypeptide from tRNA in P site
remaining components separate

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17
Q

how do mutations arise

A

spontaneous
transposons
induced

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18
Q

eg spontaneous mutation

A

deamination, removal of NH2 group

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19
Q

transposon mutation e.g.

A

where DNA elements move in position of genome

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20
Q

induced mutation e.g.

A

benzopyrene, radiation, nitrous acid

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21
Q

2 types of mutation and meaning

A

germline - occur before fertilisation and effect whole organism
somatic - occur after fertilisation and only effect specific cells

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22
Q

e.g of small mutations

A

point - sub of 1 base
insertion - add 1 base
deletion - removal of 1 base

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23
Q

e.g. large mutations

A

gene duplication
inversion - change to orientation of gene
genome duplication - double number of chromosomes

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24
synonymous mutations
= change of nucleotide that does not effect the AA e.g. silent mutation
25
non-synonymous mutation
= changes AA produced e.g. missence - AA subbed for another nonsense - AA subbed for STOP codon
26
copy number variations
structural variations involving DNA sequences effects phenotypes dependent on number of genes present
27
homozygous
same gene
28
heterozygous
different genes
29
incomplete dominance
when one phenotype is not completely dominant over another and the heterozygous genotype produces an intermediate
30
codominance
phenotype produced by each allele are observed for codominant traits
31
meiosis goal
reduce diploid cell to 4 haploid daughter cells
32
Meiosis 1 goal
splits chromosomes from each homologous pair into 2 cells
33
meiosis 2 goal
splits replicated chromosomes into 4 cells
34
law of segregation
= every diploid organism carries 2 copies of each gene that are randomly segregated into gametes during meiosis
35
chromosomal theory of inheritance
= physical behaviour of chromosomes account for mendels laws of segregation and independent assortment
36
what does a Punnett square show
likelihood that offspring may inherit a gene trait given potential genotypes
37
how to calculate chi- square
(O-E)^2 / 2
38
x linked recessive traits
affected mother passes on to ALL sons affected father does not pass on
39
x linked dominant traits
affected mother passes on to ALL children affected father passes onto daughter
40
hybrid cross
cross bw 2 parents which are hybrids for a trait
41
back cross
cross bw individual that has same genotype as parent
42
test cross
cross bw homozygous recessive parent and unknown genotype
43
lethal allele
= a central gene which are necessary for survival get a mutation e.g. huntingtons
44
appearance of a trait spontaneously
autosomal recessive
45
autosomal recessive trend
appearance of a trait spontaneously
46
trait in every generation w each effected individual passing it onto children
autosomal dominant
47
autosomal dominant trend
trait in every generation w each effected individual passing it onto children
48
male parent passes onto all daughters and mother passes on to all children
sex linked dominant
49
sex linked dominant trend
male parent passes onto all daughters and mother passes on to all children
50
sex linked recessive trend
male passes onto
51
probability rules
used to determine someones likelihood of exhibiting a trait
52
pleiotropy
1 gene influences several phenotypes
53
independent assortment
alleles for different genes are segregated into gametes independently and randomly
54
epistasis
different genes at different loci may interact and influence phenotype
55
unlinked genes
when parent genes are located on different chromosomes
56
linked genes
when parents genes are found on the same chromsome
57
crossing over
when homologous chromosomes break and rejoin at the chiasma and genes are exchanged during prophase 1
58
recombinant chromatids
chromatics that have crossed over
59
cis alleles
parental chromosomes have both wild type and mutant on each chromosome
60
trans allele
wild type and mutant allies are found on the same chromosome
61
proximity effect on gene inheritance
the closer the linked genes the more likely they will be inherited together
62
3 methods of gene transfer in bacteria
Conjugation transformation transduction
63
conjugation
when bacteria transfer DNA e.g. extra fertility plasmid can be transferred and integrated into the bacterias plasmid
64
transformation steps
1. target gene added to plasmid 2. several plasmid added to liquid bacteria 3. bacteria undergo heat shock to increase the uptake of the plasmid 4. bacteria added to agar with AB where only the recombinant bacteria survive
65
transduction
bacteriophage insert DNA into bacteria

BIOL10002 (4 decks)

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