Flashcards in Topic 5 - Homeostasias And Response Deck (109):
1
What is a stimulus?
Change in environment
2
What is negative feedback?
Do the opposite
3
What is positive feedback?
Do more (i.e womb open)
4
What is a CNS?
Central nervous system; co-ordinates a response
5
Where is the CNS?
Brain and spinal chord
6
What are effectors?
Muscles that respond
7
What is a synapse?
A gap between neurones that connects them by diffusing chemicals to set off a signal
8
What is the process of normal responses?
Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory neurone
Synapse
Relay neurone (CNS)
Synapse
Motor neurone
Effector
9
What does a reflex arc do?
It only goes to spinal chord before going to the effector. Is faster.
10
What is the brain made of?
Billions of interconnected neurones
11
What is the cerebral cortex and where is it?
Wrinkly: controls consciousness, intellect, memory, lang
Front of brain
12
What and where is the medulla?
Controls unconscious activity
Front opposite spinal chord lump
13
What and where is the cerebellum?
Muscle co-ordination
Above spinal chord at the bak and is in a special circle
14
How can we study the brain?
Where it gets damaged and what is affected
Stimulate with electricity
MRI scan when doing things
15
What does the optic nerve do?
Carry impulses from receptor to brain
16
What does the lens do?
Focus light on to retina
17
What happens when there is too much light?
Circular muscles in iris contract, Radial relax
18
What happens when there is too little light?
Radial muscles in iris contract, circular relax
19
What happens when focusing on far away objects?
Ciliary muscle contract, lens becomes fat and more refraction happens. Suspensory relax.
20
What happens when focusing on far away objects?
Suspensory ligaments contract, the lens becomes thin and refracts less, ciliary relax
21
What is hyperopia?
Unable to focus on near objects
Lens wrong shape/Eyeball too short
Images focus behind retina
Convex to fix
Long sighted
22
What is myopia?
Unable to focus on distant objects
Lens wrong shape/eyeball too long
Refract too much
Image focus in front of retina
Concave lens to fix
Short sighted
23
What is long sightedness?
Hyperopia
24
What is short sightedness?
Myopia
25
How can you treat vision defects?
Contact lenses
Laser eye surgery
Replacement lens surgery
26
What part of the brain keeps body temp constant?
Thermoregularity centre
27
What is vasoconstriction?
When skin capillaries close
28
What does working agnostically mean?
Both sides of the negative feedback work together to stay constant
29
What are hormones
Chemical molecules released directly to blood
30
What do hormones do?
Control things in organs that need constant adjusting
31
What is body temp?
37 degrees
32
Where are hormones produced?
Endocrine glands
33
What are the gland you need to know?
Pituitary gland
Thyroid
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
34
Tell me about pituitary gland
Master gland
Many hormones that regulate body temp
Hormones released act on other glands to make diff hormones
35
What does the Thyroid do
Produce thyroxine
Regulate metabolism rate, HR and temp
36
What does the Adrenal gland do
Produce adrenaline
Fight or flight
37
What does the Pancreas make
Insulin and glucagon
Blood glucose
38
What do Ovaries release
Oestrogen
Menstrual cycle
39
What do Testes control
Testosterone
Puberty
Sperm
40
What are insulin and glucagon?
Hormones
41
What can remove glucose from the blood?
Exercise
Metabolism of cells
42
What controls the blood glucose level?
Pancreas
43
What happens when there is too much blood sugar?
Insulin secreted from pancreas to blood
Blood goes to liver
Liver turns excess glucose into glycogen
44
What happens when there is too little blood sugar?
Glucagon from pancreas into blood
Blood goes to liver
Liver thens glycogen to glucose
45
What is type one diabetes?
Produce little/no insulin
46
What is type 2 diabetes?
Resistant to insulin
47
How can you manage type 1 diabetes?
Insulin therapy
Exercise
Limit carbohydrates
48
How can you treat type 2 diabetes?
Dieting
Exercise
49
Where is waste filtered out?
Kidneys
50
What's the name for filtering out useful products
Selective absorption
51
What gets filtered out of the kidneys?
Urea
Ions
Water
52
What is extracted from Urea?
Ammonia turns into urea via kidneys
53
What is extracted from ions?
Kidney absorbs what it needs and discards the rest
54
What is lost in sweat?
Unregulated amounts of water, Ions and urea
55
What is extracted from water?
Kidneys remove excess
56
What is the conc of water in urine controlled by?
Anti-diuretic hormone(ADH)
57
Where is ADH produced?
Pituitary
58
What monitors water content?
Brain
59
Is the balance of water negative or positive feedback?
Negative
60
What does puberty do?
Releases sex hormones that trigger secondary sexual characteristics
61
What's a secondary sexual characteristic?
Boobs or stubble
62
Day one of menstrual cycle
Uterus lining breaks for four days
63
Day 4-14 of menstrual cycle
Thick layer full of blood vessels builds on lining
64
Day 14 of menstrual cycle
Ovulation
65
Day 14-28 of menstrual cycle
Wall maintains
66
What is FSH
Follicle-Stimulating Hormones
67
Where is FSH produced
pituitary gland
68
What does FSH do?
causes egg to mature in follicle
Stimulates ovaries to make Oestrogen
69
What does Oestrogen do?
causes uterus to grow
Stimulates release of LH and inhibits FSH
70
Where is oestrogen made?
Ovaries
71
What does Progesterone do?
maintains lining is second half of cycle - if it falls the lining does too
Inhibits FSH and LH
72
What is LH?
Lutenising Hormone
73
Where is LH produced?
Pituitary gland
74
What does LH do?
stimulates egg release (day 14)
75
What happens during dialysis?
blood flows through a partially permeable membrane in dialysis fluid
Same conc as blood
Waste substances diffuse
3 times a week for 3-4 hours
76
What are methods of dealing with kidney failure?
Dialysis/kidney replacement
77
If you have lots of oestrogen what happens?
inhibits FSH and stops egg from maturing
78
how does progesterone stop pregnancy?
creates a thick mucus to stop sperm from reaching egg
79
What two hormones can be used to stop pregnancy?
Progesterone and Oestrogen
80
what is 'the pill' made from?
progesterone and oestrogen
81
how effective is 'the pill'
99%
82
What are the side effects of the pill?
nausea, headaches
83
what else can the pill be made from?
Progesterone only
84
what are the advantages of a progesterone only pill?
same effectiveness, less side effects
85
What is in the patch and how long does it last?
oestrogen and progesterone. Lasts 1 week
86
What's in an implant and how long does it last?
progesterone. Three years
87
What's in a pregnancy prevention injection? How long does it last?
progesterone. Lasts two weeks
88
What types of IUD can you get?
plastic and copper
89
What does a plastic IUD do?
has progesterone to create a thick mucus
90
What does a copper IUD do?
kills sperm
91
What is an IUD?
Intrauterine device: T shaped insert
92
What are barriers for pregnancy prevention?
condom, diaphragm (cup), spermicide
93
Completely stop pregnancy?
sterilisation, avoid fertile days, abstinence
94
What are the problems with giving out hormones to increase fertility?
Too many kids
95
Where are the adrenal glands?
above the kidneys
96
What does adrenaline do?
increases HR
97
Where is the thyroid gland?
neck
98
What stimulates the Thyroid gland?
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
99
Where is Thyroid simulating hormone produced?
Pituitary
100
What is phototropism?
When something responds to light
101
What is geotropism?
when something responds to gravity
102
what is gravitropism?
geotropism
103
What do auxins do?
Stimulate growth in tips of shoots and in roots
104
What happens if there is light on one side of the shoot of a plant?
Auxins move to the dark side and stimulate growth so it bends towards the light
105
What happens when a root grows sideways?
Gravity pulls the auxins down and they inhibit growth
106
What are auxins?
hormones that simulate growth in plants
107
What else can we use auxins for?
Growing cells in tissue culture
Growing from cutting with rooting powder
Killing weeds with broad leaves
108
What can Gibberellin be used for?
grow larger fruit
control dormancy
induce flowering
109