Topic 5 - Homeostasias And Response Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Topic 5 - Homeostasias And Response Deck (109)
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1
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

Change in environment

2
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Do the opposite

3
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Do more (i.e womb open)

4
Q

What is a CNS?

A

Central nervous system; co-ordinates a response

5
Q

Where is the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal chord

6
Q

What are effectors?

A

Muscles that respond

7
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A gap between neurones that connects them by diffusing chemicals to set off a signal

8
Q

What is the process of normal responses?

A
Stimulus
Receptor 
Sensory neurone
Synapse
Relay neurone (CNS)
Synapse
Motor neurone
Effector
9
Q

What does a reflex arc do?

A

It only goes to spinal chord before going to the effector. Is faster.

10
Q

What is the brain made of?

A

Billions of interconnected neurones

11
Q

What is the cerebral cortex and where is it?

A

Wrinkly: controls consciousness, intellect, memory, lang

Front of brain

12
Q

What and where is the medulla?

A

Controls unconscious activity

Front opposite spinal chord lump

13
Q

What and where is the cerebellum?

A

Muscle co-ordination

Above spinal chord at the bak and is in a special circle

14
Q

How can we study the brain?

A

Where it gets damaged and what is affected
Stimulate with electricity
MRI scan when doing things

15
Q

What does the optic nerve do?

A

Carry impulses from receptor to brain

16
Q

What does the lens do?

A

Focus light on to retina

17
Q

What happens when there is too much light?

A

Circular muscles in iris contract, Radial relax

18
Q

What happens when there is too little light?

A

Radial muscles in iris contract, circular relax

19
Q

What happens when focusing on far away objects?

A

Ciliary muscle contract, lens becomes fat and more refraction happens. Suspensory relax.

20
Q

What happens when focusing on far away objects?

A

Suspensory ligaments contract, the lens becomes thin and refracts less, ciliary relax

21
Q

What is hyperopia?

A
Unable to focus on near objects
Lens wrong shape/Eyeball too short
Images focus behind retina
Convex to fix
Long sighted
22
Q

What is myopia?

A
Unable to focus on distant objects
Lens wrong shape/eyeball too long
Refract too much
Image focus in front of retina
Concave lens to fix
Short sighted
23
Q

What is long sightedness?

A

Hyperopia

24
Q

What is short sightedness?

A

Myopia

25
Q

How can you treat vision defects?

A

Contact lenses
Laser eye surgery
Replacement lens surgery

26
Q

What part of the brain keeps body temp constant?

A

Thermoregularity centre

27
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

When skin capillaries close

28
Q

What does working agnostically mean?

A

Both sides of the negative feedback work together to stay constant

29
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical molecules released directly to blood

30
Q

What do hormones do?

A

Control things in organs that need constant adjusting

31
Q

What is body temp?

A

37 degrees

32
Q

Where are hormones produced?

A

Endocrine glands

33
Q

What are the gland you need to know?

A
Pituitary gland 
Thyroid
Adrenal gland 
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
34
Q

Tell me about pituitary gland

A

Master gland
Many hormones that regulate body temp
Hormones released act on other glands to make diff hormones

35
Q

What does the Thyroid do

A

Produce thyroxine

Regulate metabolism rate, HR and temp

36
Q

What does the Adrenal gland do

A

Produce adrenaline

Fight or flight

37
Q

What does the Pancreas make

A

Insulin and glucagon

Blood glucose

38
Q

What do Ovaries release

A

Oestrogen

Menstrual cycle

39
Q

What do Testes control

A

Testosterone
Puberty
Sperm

40
Q

What are insulin and glucagon?

A

Hormones

41
Q

What can remove glucose from the blood?

A

Exercise

Metabolism of cells

42
Q

What controls the blood glucose level?

A

Pancreas

43
Q

What happens when there is too much blood sugar?

A

Insulin secreted from pancreas to blood
Blood goes to liver
Liver turns excess glucose into glycogen

44
Q

What happens when there is too little blood sugar?

A

Glucagon from pancreas into blood
Blood goes to liver
Liver thens glycogen to glucose

45
Q

What is type one diabetes?

A

Produce little/no insulin

46
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Resistant to insulin

47
Q

How can you manage type 1 diabetes?

A

Insulin therapy
Exercise
Limit carbohydrates

48
Q

How can you treat type 2 diabetes?

A

Dieting

Exercise

49
Q

Where is waste filtered out?

A

Kidneys

50
Q

What’s the name for filtering out useful products

A

Selective absorption

51
Q

What gets filtered out of the kidneys?

A

Urea
Ions
Water

52
Q

What is extracted from Urea?

A

Ammonia turns into urea via kidneys

53
Q

What is extracted from ions?

A

Kidney absorbs what it needs and discards the rest

54
Q

What is lost in sweat?

A

Unregulated amounts of water, Ions and urea

55
Q

What is extracted from water?

A

Kidneys remove excess

56
Q

What is the conc of water in urine controlled by?

A

Anti-diuretic hormone(ADH)

57
Q

Where is ADH produced?

A

Pituitary

58
Q

What monitors water content?

A

Brain

59
Q

Is the balance of water negative or positive feedback?

A

Negative

60
Q

What does puberty do?

A

Releases sex hormones that trigger secondary sexual characteristics

61
Q

What’s a secondary sexual characteristic?

A

Boobs or stubble

62
Q

Day one of menstrual cycle

A

Uterus lining breaks for four days

63
Q

Day 4-14 of menstrual cycle

A

Thick layer full of blood vessels builds on lining

64
Q

Day 14 of menstrual cycle

A

Ovulation

65
Q

Day 14-28 of menstrual cycle

A

Wall maintains

66
Q

What is FSH

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormones

67
Q

Where is FSH produced

A

pituitary gland

68
Q

What does FSH do?

A

causes egg to mature in follicle

Stimulates ovaries to make Oestrogen

69
Q

What does Oestrogen do?

A

causes uterus to grow

Stimulates release of LH and inhibits FSH

70
Q

Where is oestrogen made?

A

Ovaries

71
Q

What does Progesterone do?

A

maintains lining is second half of cycle - if it falls the lining does too
Inhibits FSH and LH

72
Q

What is LH?

A

Lutenising Hormone

73
Q

Where is LH produced?

A

Pituitary gland

74
Q

What does LH do?

A

stimulates egg release (day 14)

75
Q

What happens during dialysis?

A

blood flows through a partially permeable membrane in dialysis fluid
Same conc as blood
Waste substances diffuse
3 times a week for 3-4 hours

76
Q

What are methods of dealing with kidney failure?

A

Dialysis/kidney replacement

77
Q

If you have lots of oestrogen what happens?

A

inhibits FSH and stops egg from maturing

78
Q

how does progesterone stop pregnancy?

A

creates a thick mucus to stop sperm from reaching egg

79
Q

What two hormones can be used to stop pregnancy?

A

Progesterone and Oestrogen

80
Q

what is ‘the pill’ made from?

A

progesterone and oestrogen

81
Q

how effective is ‘the pill’

A

99%

82
Q

What are the side effects of the pill?

A

nausea, headaches

83
Q

what else can the pill be made from?

A

Progesterone only

84
Q

what are the advantages of a progesterone only pill?

A

same effectiveness, less side effects

85
Q

What is in the patch and how long does it last?

A

oestrogen and progesterone. Lasts 1 week

86
Q

What’s in an implant and how long does it last?

A

progesterone. Three years

87
Q

What’s in a pregnancy prevention injection? How long does it last?

A

progesterone. Lasts two weeks

88
Q

What types of IUD can you get?

A

plastic and copper

89
Q

What does a plastic IUD do?

A

has progesterone to create a thick mucus

90
Q

What does a copper IUD do?

A

kills sperm

91
Q

What is an IUD?

A

Intrauterine device: T shaped insert

92
Q

What are barriers for pregnancy prevention?

A

condom, diaphragm (cup), spermicide

93
Q

Completely stop pregnancy?

A

sterilisation, avoid fertile days, abstinence

94
Q

What are the problems with giving out hormones to increase fertility?

A

Too many kids

95
Q

Where are the adrenal glands?

A

above the kidneys

96
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

increases HR

97
Q

Where is the thyroid gland?

A

neck

98
Q

What stimulates the Thyroid gland?

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

99
Q

Where is Thyroid simulating hormone produced?

A

Pituitary

100
Q

What is phototropism?

A

When something responds to light

101
Q

What is geotropism?

A

when something responds to gravity

102
Q

what is gravitropism?

A

geotropism

103
Q

What do auxins do?

A

Stimulate growth in tips of shoots and in roots

104
Q

What happens if there is light on one side of the shoot of a plant?

A

Auxins move to the dark side and stimulate growth so it bends towards the light

105
Q

What happens when a root grows sideways?

A

Gravity pulls the auxins down and they inhibit growth

106
Q

What are auxins?

A

hormones that simulate growth in plants

107
Q

What else can we use auxins for?

A

Growing cells in tissue culture
Growing from cutting with rooting powder
Killing weeds with broad leaves

108
Q

What can Gibberellin be used for?

A

grow larger fruit
control dormancy
induce flowering

109
Q

What can Ethene be used for?

A

speed up ripening

delay ripening so hard and less damaged