Topic 6 Flashcards
The three different types of mechanisms
Radical substitution of halogens in alkanes to make halogenoalkanes
Electrophilic addition of halogens and hydrogen halides to alkenes to make Halogenoalkanes
Nucleophilic substitution of primary halogeonoalkanes with potassium hydroxide to make alcohols
Nucleophiles are
Electron pair donors
There negatively charged ions and electron rich
Electrophiles are
Electron pair acceptance
Often positively charged ions that are electron poor
Radicals have
An unpaired electron
Very reactive
Made by homolytic fission
isomerism
Two molecules are isomers of one another if they have the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently
Two types of isomers
Structural isomers
Stereo isomers
Structural isomers have different structural arrangements
Chain isomers
Positional isomers
functional group isomers
chain isomers
Carbon skeleton can be arranged differently
Similar chemical properties but physical properties vary because of the change in shape of the molecule
Positional isomers
Skeleton and functional group could be the same only with the functional group attached to different carbon
Different physical properties and chemical properties
Functional group isomers
Same atoms can be arranged into different functional groups
Very different physical and chemical properties
Stereoisomers
Double bonds cannot rotate
Z isomers
Same group either above or below the double bond
E isomer
Same group positioned across the double bond
Cis isomer
Same group on the same side of the double bond above or below
Trans-isomer
Same group on opposite sides of the double bond