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Biology GCSE > Topic 6- Inhertiance, Variation And Evolution > Flashcards

Topic 6- Inhertiance, Variation And Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What does DNA stand for ?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

What is DNA?

A

The chemical that all of the genetic material in a cell is made up of

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3
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

The nucleus of animal and plant cells in really long structures called chromosomes

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4
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

It is a polymer made up of 2 stands coiled together in the shape of a double helix

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5
Q

What is a gene?

A

Small section of DNA found on a chromosome

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6
Q

What does each gene code for?

A

A particular sequence of amino acids which are put together to make a specific protein

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7
Q

What is a Genome?

A

The entire set of genetic material in an organism

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8
Q

Why is understanding the human genome important for scientists ?

A

Because it allows them to identify genes in the genome that are linked to different diseases

To know which genes are linked to inherited diseases - effective treatment could be developed

Where people migrate from

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9
Q

DNA strands are polymers made up of what?

A

Nucleotides

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10
Q

What does each nucleotide consist of ?

A

One sugar molecule

One phosphate molecule

One base

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11
Q

What for a backbone to the DNA strands ?

A

Sugar and phosphate molecules

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12
Q

What are the 4 different bases ?

A

A
T
C
G

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13
Q

What are the pairs of bases ?

A

A and T

C and G

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14
Q

What are the pairs of base pairs called ?

A

Complementary base pairing

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15
Q

What does the order of the base pairs in a gene decide ?

A

The order of amino acids in a protein

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16
Q

What is each amino acid coded for by ?

A

There bases in the gene

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17
Q

How do ribosomes make proteins ?

A

They use the code in the DNA

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18
Q

What molecule gets the code from the DNA to the ribosomes ?

A

mRNA

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19
Q

Give 3 types of protein ?

A

Enzymes

Hormones

Structural proteins

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20
Q

What do enzymes do ?

A

Act as a biological catalyst to speed up chemical reactions in the body

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21
Q

What are hormones used to do? Give an example

A

They are used to carry messages around the body

Insulin is realised into the bloody by the pan teases to regulate the bloody sugar levels

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22
Q

What are structural proteins ?

Give example

A

Are physically strobe

Collagen is a structural proteins that strengthens connective tissue

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23
Q

What is a mutation ?

A

A random change in an organisms DNA

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24
Q

How is the chance of a mutation increased ?

A

Exposure to certain substances or some types of radiation

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25
Q

What do mutations do ?

A

Change the sequence of DNA bases in a gene which produces a genetic variant

26
Q

What is the serious effect of a mutation ?

A

It will code for an altered protein with a change in shape which will make it not be able to carry out its function because

The active site will be changed so the substrate can no longer be binded

27
Q

What are the 3 types of mutation?

A

Insertion

Deletion

Substitution

28
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Where genetic information from two organisms is combined to produce offspring which are genetically different to either parents

29
Q

In sexual reproduction what is produce by the mother and father and by what process ?

A

Gametes are produced by meiosis

30
Q

How many chromosomes does a gamete contain in a human?

A

23

31
Q

What produces variation in the offspring ?

A

The mixture of genetic information

32
Q

What happens in asexual reproduction?

A

Only one parent so the offspring are genetically identical to the parents

33
Q

How does asexual reproduction occur?

A

By mitosis

34
Q

What is the product of asexual reproduction called ?

A

A clone as it has the exact same genetic information as the pregnant

35
Q

What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?

A

SEXUAL - involves the fusion of male and female gametes. Because of 2 parents the offspring contain a mixture of their parents genes

ASEXUAL- only one parent. Offspring are genetically identical to parent. They’re clones

36
Q

What are the advantages of Sexual reproduction?

A

VARIATION OF OFFSRPING- due to having a mixture of two sets of chromosomes

HIGHER CHANCE OF SURVIVAL RATE IN ENVIRONMENT CHANGE- due to there being a variation

MORE LIKELY TO BREED SUCCESSFULLY- due to them being able to survive

SELECTIVE BREEDING CAN OCCUR- you can pick an animal with desirable characteristics

37
Q

What are the advantages of Asexual reproduction?

A

Only one parent needed

Less energy is used

Faster reproduction rate

Many identical offspring can be produced

38
Q

How do parasites reproduce?

A

Sexually when in mosquito

Asexually when it’s in the human host

39
Q

What are asexually produced spores ?

A

They form fungi that are genetically identical to parent

40
Q

What do sexually produced spores introduce ?

A

Variation and produce in response to an unfavourable change in the environment increasing the change of the population surviving

41
Q

What chromosome decides ur sex ?

A

The 23rd pair which is labelled XX OR XY

42
Q

What chromosomes show you are a male ?

A

They have X and Y

X caused the male characteristics

43
Q

What are the chromosomes females have and which show that they are a woman?

A

They have XX chromosomes

XX show female

44
Q

What do the genes you inherit control ?

A

What characteristics you develop

45
Q

What do all genes exists in version called ?

A

Alleles

46
Q

If an organism has two alleles for a particular genes what is that said to be ?

A

Homozygous

47
Q

What is the name if an oraganism has two different alleles for a gene ?

A

Heterozygous

48
Q

What is cystic fibrosis a genetic disorder of ?

A

Cell membranes

49
Q

What does cystic fibrosis cause your body to do?

A

To produce a lot of thick sticky mucus in the air passages and in the pancreas

50
Q

What allele causes cystic fibrosis ?

A

Recessive allele

51
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

A genetic disorder where are baby born with extra fingers or toes

52
Q

What is polydactyly cause by?

A

Dominant allele

53
Q

What happens during in vitro fertilisation?

A

Embryos are fertilised in a laboratory and then implanted into the mothers womb.

54
Q

What are the arguments for Embryonic screening ?

A

Help stop people suffering

Treats disorder that would otherwise cost the government a lot of money

Laws to stop it going to far

55
Q

What are the arguments embryonic screening ?

A

COULD INCREASE PREJUDICE

Everyone may decide to have to done so they can pick their kind of child

Expensive

56
Q

What did Mendel note?

A

How characteristics in plants were passed on from one generation to the next

57
Q

When were Mendels research published ?

A

1866

58
Q

What did Mendel show?

A

The height characteristic in pea plants weee determines by seperatley inherited hereditary units from each parents

59
Q

What were the three important conclusions of Mendels research ?

A

Characteristics are determined by “hereditary units”

They are passed on from both parents unchanged

Hereditary units can be dominant or recessive

60
Q

Why did people not understand Mendels work?

A

They did know about genes, DNA or chromosomes

Biology GCSE (3 decks)

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