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Chemistry GCSE > Topic 8 - Fuels And Earth Science (with spec) paper 2 > Flashcards

Topic 8 - Fuels And Earth Science (with spec) paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound containing hydrogen and carbon

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2
Q

What is crude oil? (4 points)

A
  • Mixture of hydrocarbons
  • Containing molecules in which carbon atoms are in chains
  • An important source of useful substances
  • A finite resource (it’ll run out)
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3
Q

What is used for the separation of crude oil?

A

Fractional Distillation

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4
Q

Is crude oil a fossil fuel?

A

Yes

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5
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

A process where distillation is used to separate different substances from crude oil by heating and cooling.

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6
Q

What is gas used for?

A

Heating and cooking

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7
Q

What is petrol used for?

A

Fuel for cars

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8
Q

What is kerosene used for?

A

Used as fuel for aircraft

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9
Q

What is diesel oil used for?

A

Fuel for some cars and trains

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10
Q

What is fuel oil used for?

A

Fuel for ships

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11
Q

What is bitumen used for?

A

Surface roads and roofs

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12
Q

List the order for fractional distillation starting with the lowest boiling point?

A 
Gas - Glamourous 
Petrol - People
Kerosene - Keep
Diesel - Dogs
Fuel oil - For 
Bitumen - Babies
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13
Q

What is viscosity?

A

How thick the substance is

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14
Q

What does volatility mean?

A

How easily a substance vaporises

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15
Q

What is a fraction in fractional distillation?

A

A group of hydrocarbons with a similar boiling point.

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16
Q

What differs as you go down fractional distillation?

A
  • Longer carbon chains
  • Higher boiling points
  • Less flammable
  • Higher Viscosity
  • Darker in colour
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17
Q

What is the homologous series made up of?

A

ALKANES Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane

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18
Q

What does the homologous series do/have ?

A
  • Has the same general formula
  • Differs by CH2
  • Has similar chemical properties
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19
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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20
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons. Each carbon forms 4 bonds, hydrogen forms 1 bond.

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21
Q

What does it mean to describe something as saturated?

A

It has a single bond

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22
Q

What does it mean to describe something as unsaturated?

A

Double bond

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23
Q

What is the equation for complete combustion?

A

Hydrocarbon + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water

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24
Q

What is the formula for methane?

A

CH4

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25
Q

What happens in complete combustion?

A
  • Carbon dioxide and water are produced

- Energy is given out

26
Q

What makes a good fuel?

A
  • Easily stored
  • The availability of the fuel
  • Price of the fuel
27
Q

When does incomplete combustion happen?

A

When there is a limited supply of oxygen

28
Q

What is combustion?

A

A burning reaction

29
Q

Why does incomplete combustion produce carbon and carbon monoxide?

A

Because of the limited supply of oxygen

30
Q

How is carbon monoxide toxic?

A
  • Stops respiration because it drastically reduces the amount of oxygen that can be travelled through the haemoglobin to the rest of the body.
  • You can go unconscious and die
31
Q

How is carbon monoxide dangerous?

A
  • Odourless
  • Dense so it sinks to the floor
  • Colourless
32
Q

What is the problem with incomplete combustion producing carbon monoxide and soot for appliances that use carbon compounds as fuels?

A

Means that we have to service our gas fires and boilers to make sure they’re not producing carbon monoxide

33
Q

What is the formula for incomplete combustion?

A

Hydrocarbon + Oxygen = Carbon monoxide + Carbon + Water

34
Q

Why do impurities in some hydrocarbon fuels result in the production of sulfur dioxide?

A

Most hydrocarbon fuels naturally contain some sulfur compounds. When the fuel burns, the sulfur oxidises to form sulfur dioxide.

35
Q

What are some problems associated with acid rain caused when sulfur dioxide mixes with water?

A
  • Damages statues

- Kills fish and trees

36
Q

What are used to reduce pollution in cars?

A

A catalytic converter

37
Q

What does carbon monoxide create?

A

Soot

38
Q

What is nitrogen oxide?

A

A pollutant

39
Q

Why can oxygen and nitrogen react together in engines at high temperatures to form oxides of nitrogen?

A

Because there is nitrogen and oxygen in cars it forms to make nitrogen oxide which is a pollutant. Nitrogen isn’t normally very reactive but the heat from the cars makes it more reactive.

40
Q

List the advantages of using hydrogen rather than petrol as a fuel in cars

A
  • Renewable
  • Much better for the environment because doesn’t release carbon dioxide
  • Higher efficiency
41
Q

List the disadvantages of using hydrogen rather than petrol as a fuel in cars

A
  • Pricey
  • Not very available, loads of petrol stations but very few hydrogen stations
  • Harder to transport
42
Q

What are the three non-renewable fossil fuels obtained from crude oil?

A

Petrol, diesel, kerosene

43
Q

What is a non-renewable fossil fuel found in natural gas?

A

Methane

44
Q

What is cracking used for?

A

The breaking down of larger saturated hydrocarbon molecules (alkanes) into smaller, more useful ones, some of which are unsaturated (alkenes)

45
Q

Why is cracking necessary?

A

It makes substances more useful, eg. You can make bitumen into fuel oil

46
Q

How to test if a hydrocarbon is saturated or unsaturated?

A

Use bromine water and if it was saturated (alkane) it would stay orange but if it was unsaturated (alkene) it would decolourise

47
Q

What formed the earth’s early atmosphere?

A

The gases produced by volcanic activity

48
Q

What was the earth’s early atmosphere like?

A
  • Little or no oxygen
  • lots of carbon dioxide
  • water vapour
  • small amounts of other gases such as methane
49
Q

How did the condensation of water vapour form the oceans?

A

Because of the earth starting to cool down

50
Q

Explain how the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

was decreased when carbon dioxide dissolved as the oceans formed

A

Not only did it dissolve into the oceans but it also was absorbed by simple plants for photosynthesis

51
Q

Why did the oxygen levels rise because of the plants?

A

Because more and more plants were finding its place on earth producing oxygen due to photosynthesis

52
Q

What is the chemical test for oxygen?

A

Put a glowing splint in a jar of oxygen and the splint will relight.

53
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

When gases like carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour absorb heat radiated from the earth, this releases energy which keeps the earth warm.

1) The sun gives out electromagnetic radiation
2) the radiation with short wavelengths is absorbed by greenhouse gases.
3) some of the radiation is reflected back to Earth by the greenhouse gases
4) Some is re-emitted back into space.
5) The absorption and reflection of infrared radiation is what keeps the earth warm

54
Q

How did the growth of primitive plants eventually lead to oxygen levels rising?

A

Plants used carbon dioxide and released oxygen by photosynthesis and the oxygen ,evens gradually increased

55
Q

What is the chemical test for oxygen?

A

Checking if the gas will relight a glowing splint

56
Q

What is the evidence for human activity causing climate change?

A
  • the correlation between the carbon dioxide concentration and the consumption of fossil fuels and temperature change
57
Q

What is bad about historical data?

A

There are uncertainties caused by the location where these measurements are taken and historical accuracy
- the accuracy of the methods used to collect data were less accurate

58
Q

Why is climate change happening so quickly?

A

Due to the increased human activity we are having to burn more fossil fuels and there is more cattle needed so there is more methane produced by them.

59
Q

What are the ways of mitigating climate change?

A
  • reduce the use of fossil fuels and using non-renewable sources
  • reduce carbon dioxide emissions by walking and cycling rather than taking the car
60
Q

What the process of the making of our modern atmosphere?

A

1) the earth was very hot- volcanoes released carbon dioxide and water vapour
2) the earth cooled- the water vapour condensed to form oceans
3) carbon dioxide dissolved into the oceans
4) life evolved in the oceans. Plants produced oxygen through photosynthesis.
5) animals evolved which used the oxygen for respiration
6) the modern atmosphere contains nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), carbon dioxide (0.04%), other gases (1%)

61
Q

What are the gases in our atmosphere?

A

nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), carbon dioxide (0.04%), other gases (1%)

Chemistry GCSE (8 decks)

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