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USMLE Step I Pharmacology > Toxicities and Side Effects > Flashcards

Toxicities and Side Effects Flashcards

1
Q

what is treatment for acetaminophen?

A
  • N-acetylcysteine
    • replenishes glutathione
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2
Q

what is treatment for AChE inhibitors, organophosphates?

A
  • atropine > pralidoxine
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3
Q

what is treatment for amphetamines (basic)?

A
  • NH4Cl
    • acidify urine
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4
Q

what is treatment for antimuscarinic, anticholinergic agents?

A
  • physostigmine
  • control hyperthermia
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5
Q

what is treatment for arsenic?

A
  • dimercaprol
  • succimer
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6
Q

what is treatment for benzodiazepines?

A
  • flumazenil
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7
Q

what is treatment for beta blockers?

A
  • saline
  • atropine
  • glucagon
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8
Q

what is treatment for carbon monoxide?

A
  • 100% O2
  • hyperbaric O2
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9
Q

what is treatment for copper?

A
  • penicillamine
  • trientine
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10
Q

what is treatment for cyanide?

A
  • nitrite + thiosulfate
  • hydroxocobalamin
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11
Q

what is treatment for digitalis (digoxin)?

A
  • anti dig Fab fragments
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12
Q

what is treatment for gold?

A
  • penicillamine
  • dimercaprol (BAL)
  • succimer
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13
Q

what is treatment for heparin?

A
  • protamine sulfate
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14
Q

what is treatment for iron?

A
  • deferoxamine
  • deferasirox
  • deferiprone
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15
Q

what is treatment for lead?

A
  • EDTA
  • dimercaprol
  • succimer
  • penicillamine
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16
Q

what is treatment for Mercury?

A
  • dimercaprol
  • succimer
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17
Q

what is treatment for methanol, ethylene glycol (antifreeze)?

A
  • fomepizole > ethanol
  • dialysis
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18
Q

what is treatment for methemoglobin?

A
  • ​methylene blue
  • vitamin C
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19
Q

what is treatment for opioids?

A
  • naloxone
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20
Q

what is treatment for salicylates?

A
  • NaHCO3
    • alkalinize urine
  • dialysis
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21
Q

what is treatment for TCAs?

A
  • NaHCO3
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22
Q

what is treatment for warfarin?

A
  • vitamin K–delayed effect
  • fresh frozen plasma–immediate
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23
Q

causal agents of coronary vasospasm

A
  • cocaine
  • sumatriptan
  • ergot alkaloids
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24
Q

causal agents of cutaneous flushing

A
  • Vancomycin
  • Adenosine
  • Niacin
  • Ca2+ channel blockers
  • Echinocandins
    • VANCE
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25
Q

causal agents of dilated cardiomyopathy

A
  • anthracyclines
    • ie. doxorubicin, daunorubicin
  • prevent with dexrazoxane
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26
Q

causal agents of torsades de pointes

A
  • antiArrhythmics–class IA, III
  • antiBiotics–macrolides
  • anti”C“ychotics–haloperidol
  • antiDepressants–TCAs
  • antiEmetics–ondansetron
    • ABCDE
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27
Q

causal agents of adrenocortical insufficiency

A
  • HPA suppression secondary to glucocorticoid withdrawal
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28
Q

causal agents of hot flashes

A
  • Tamoxiden
  • Clomiphene
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29
Q

causal agents of hyperglycemia

A
  • ​Tacrolimus
  • Protease inhibitors
  • Niacin
  • HCTZ
  • Corticosteroids
    • “Taking Pills Necessitates Having blood Checked”
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30
Q

causal agents of hypothyroidism

A
  • lithium
  • amiodarone
  • sulfonamides
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31
Q

causal agents of acute cholestatic hepatitis, jaundice

A
  • erythromycin
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32
Q

causal agents of diarrhea

A
  • acamprosate
  • acarbose
  • cholinesterase inhibitors
  • colchicine
  • erythromycin
  • ezetimibe
  • metformin
  • misoprostol
  • orlistat
  • pramlintide
  • quinidine
  • SSRIs
33
Q

causal agents of focal to massive hepatic necrosis

A
  • Halothan
  • Amanita phalloides–death cap mushroom
  • Valproic acid
  • Acetaminophen
    • liver “HAVAc”
34
Q

causal agents of hepatitis

A
  • rifampin
  • isoniazid
  • pyrazinamide
  • statins
  • fibrates
35
Q

causal agents of pancreatitis

A
  • Didanosine
  • Corticosteroids
  • Alcohol
  • Valproic acid
  • Azathioprine
  • Diuretics–furosemide, HCTZ
    • “Drugs Causing A Violent Abdominal Distress”
36
Q

causal agents of pill induced esophagitis

A
  • tetracyclines
  • bisphosphonates
  • potassium chloride
37
Q

how is the caustic effect of pill induced esophagitis minimized?

A
  • upright posture
  • adequate water ingestion
38
Q

causal agents of pseudomembranous colitis

A
  • clindamycin
  • ampicillin
  • cephalosporins
39
Q

antibiotics such as clindamycin, ampicillin, cephalosporins predispose to superinfection by…

A

C. difficile

40
Q

causal agents of agranulocytosis

A
  • Clozapine
  • Carbamazepine
  • Propylthiouracil
  • Methimazole
  • Colchicine
  • Ganciclovir
    • “Can Cause Pretty Major Collapse of Granulocytes”
41
Q

causal agents of aplastic anemia

A
  • Carbamazepine
  • Methimazole
  • NSAIDs
  • Benzene
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Propylthiouracil
    • “Can’t Make New Blood Cells Properly”
42
Q

causal agents of direct coombs–positive hemolytic anemia

A
  • methyldopa
  • penicillin
43
Q

causal agents of Gray baby syndrome

A
  • chloramphenicol
44
Q

causal agents of hemolysis in G6PD deficiency

A
  • Isoniazid
  • Sulfonamides
  • Dapsone
  • Primaquine
  • Aspirin
  • Ibuprofen
  • Nitrofurantoin
    • “Hemolysis IS D PAIN”
45
Q

causal agents of megaloblastic anemia

A
  • Phenytoin
  • Methotrexate
  • Sulfa drugs
    • “Having a blast with PMS”
46
Q

causal agents of thrombocytopenia

A
  • heparin
47
Q

causal agents of thrombotic complications

A
  • OCPs
  • hormone replacement therapy
48
Q

causal agents of fat redistribution

A
  • Protease Inhibitors
  • Glucocorticoids
    • “Fat PIG”
49
Q

causal agents of gingival hyperplasia

A
  • phenytoin
  • Ca2+ channel blockers
  • cyclosporine
50
Q

causal agents of hyperuricemia (gout)

A
  • Pyrazinamide
  • Thiazides
  • Furosemide
  • Niacin
  • Cyclosporine
    • “Painful Tophi and Feet Need Care”
51
Q

causal agents of myopathy

A
  • fibrates
  • niacin
  • colchicine
  • hydroxychloroquine
  • interon alpha
  • penicillamine
  • statins
  • glucocorticoids
52
Q

causal agents of osteoporosis

A
  • corticosteroids
  • heparin
53
Q

causal agents of photosensitivity

A
  • Sulfonamides
  • Amiodarone
  • Tetracyclines
  • 5-FU
    • “SAT For Photo”
54
Q

causal agents for rash (Stevens-Johnson syndrome)

A
  • anti-epileptic drugs (especially lamotrigine)
  • allopurinol
  • sulfa drugs
  • penicillin
    • ​”Steven Johnson has epileptic allergy to sulfa drugs and penicillin”
55
Q

causal agents for SLE like syndrome

A
  • Sulfa drugs
  • Hydralazine
  • Isoniazid
  • Procainamide
  • Phenytoin
  • Etanercept
    • “having lupus is SHIPP-E”
56
Q

causal agents for teeth discoloration

A
  • tetracyclines
57
Q

causal agents for tendonitis, tendon rupture, cartilage damage

A
  • fluoroquinolones
58
Q

causal agents for cinchonism

A
  • quinidine
  • quinine
59
Q

causal agents for Parkinson like syndrome

A
  • Antipsychotics
  • Reserpine
  • Metoclopramide
    • “Cogwheel rigidity of ARM”
60
Q

causal agents of seizures

A
  • Isoniazid (vitamin B6 deficiency)
  • Bupropion
  • Imipenem/cilastatin
  • Tramadol
  • Enflurane
    • “With seizures, I BITE my tongue”
61
Q

causal agents of tardive dyskinesia

A
  • antipsychotics
  • metoclopramide
62
Q

causal agents of diabetes insipidus

A
  • lithium
  • demeclocycline
63
Q

causal agents of Fanconi syndrome

A
  • Tenofovir
  • ifosfamide
64
Q

causal agents of hemorrhagic cystitis

A
  • cyclophosphamide
  • ifosfamide
65
Q

how could you prevent hemorrhagic cystitis that may result from taking cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide?

A

coadminister with mesna

66
Q

causal agents of interstitial nephritis

A
  • methicillin
  • NSAIDs
  • furosemide
67
Q

causal agents of SIADH

A
  • Carbamazepine
  • Cyclophosphamide
  • SSRIs
    • “Can’t Concentrate Serum Sodium”
68
Q

causal agents of dry cough

A
  • ACE inhibitors
69
Q

causal agents of pulmonary fibrosis

A
  • Methotrexate
  • Nitrofurantoin
  • Carmustine
  • Bleomycin
  • Busulfan
  • Amioarone
    • “My Nose Cannot Breathe Bad Air”
70
Q

causal agents of antimuscarinic reactions

A
  • atropine
  • TCAs
  • H1 blockers
  • antipsychotics
71
Q

causal agents of disulfiram like reaction

A
  • metronidazole
  • certain cephalosporins
  • griseofulvin
  • procarbazine
  • 1st generation sulfonylureas
72
Q

causal agents of nephrotoxicity/ototoxicity

A
  • aminoglycosides
  • vancomycin
  • loop diuretics
  • cisplatin
73
Q

cisplatin–toxicity antidote

A
  • cisplatin toxicity may respond to amifostine
74
Q

cytochrome P-450 interaction inducers (+)

A
  • chronic alcohol use
  • St. John’s wort
  • Phenytoin
  • Phenobarbital
  • Nevirapine
  • Rifampin
  • Griseofulvin
  • Carbamazepine
    • “Chronic alcoholics Steal Phen-Phen and Never Refuse Greasy Carbs”
75
Q

cytochrome P-450 interaction substrates

A
  • Anti-epileptics
  • Theophylline
  • Warfarin
  • OCPs
    • “Always Think When Outdoors”
76
Q

cytochrome P-450 interaction inhibitors (-)

A
  • Acute Alcohol Abuse
  • Ritonavir
  • Amiodarone
  • Cimetidine/ciprofloxacin
  • Ketoconazole
  • Sulfonamides
  • Isoniazid (INH)
  • Grapefruit juice
  • Quinidine
  • Macrolides (except azithromycin)
    • “AAA RACKS IN GQ Magazine”
77
Q

name the sulfa drugs

A
  • Sulfonamide antibiotics
  • Sulfasalazine
  • Probenecid
  • Furosemide
  • Acetazolamide
  • Celecoxib
  • Thiazides
  • Sulfonylureas
    • “Scary Sulfa Pharm FACTS”
78
Q

sulfa allergy reactions

A
  • fever
  • urinary tract infection
  • Stevens Johnson syndrome
  • hemolytic anemia
  • thrombocytopenia
  • agranulocytosis
  • urticaria (hives)
    • symptoms range from mild to life threatening

USMLE Step I Pharmacology (17 decks)

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