Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Clinical Chemistry 2 (Lecture) > Trace and Toxic Elements (F) > Flashcards

Trace and Toxic Elements (F) Flashcards

1
Q

When are trace elements considered essential?

A

If a deficiency impairs a biochemical or fxnal process and replacement of element corrects impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Essential trace elements are associated w/ what?

A

W/ an enzyme or other protein as an essential component or cofactor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Excess concs. of essential trace elements are associated w/ what?

A

W/ some degree of toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the exs of trace elements (in mg/L)?

A

1) Iron
2) Copper
3) Zinc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the exs of ultratrace elements (w/c are

A

1) Selenium
2) Chromium
3) Manganese

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the characteristic of non-essential trace elements?

A

These are of medical interest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why are non-essential trace elements of medical interest?

A

Because many of them are toxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sxs must be collected w/ what (in connection w/ sx collection and processing)?

A

W/ scrupulous attention to details (such as anticoagulant, collection apparatus, and sx type)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the characteristic of trace elements in biologic sxs?

A

These are of low conc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the characteristic of trace elements in environment?

A

These are ubiquitous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Since trace elements are of low conc. (in biologic sxs) and ubiquitous (in environment), what must be done (in connection w/ sx collection and processing)?

A

Much care must be taken (to avoid contaminating sxs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What must be used (in terms of sx collection and processing)?

A

1) Special sampling
2) Collection devices
3) Specially cleaned glassware
4) H2O and rgnts of high purity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What must be done to the lab environment (in connection to sx collection and processing)?

A

It must be carefully controlled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How can the lab environment be carefully controlled (in connection w/ sx collection and processing)?

A

1) Placement of trace elements (in separate room)
2) Use of sticky mats (at doors)
3) Non-shedding ceiling tiles
4) Controlled air flow
5) Disposable booties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the methods for trace elements?

A

1) Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES)
2) Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)
3) Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 3 most impt components of AE spectrophotometer (in connection w/ AES)?

A

1) Source
2) Wavelength selecting device
3) Detector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the characteristic of the source (w/c is an impt component of AE spectrophotometer)?

A

It is sufficiently hot (to produce excited-state spp.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the use of wavelength selecting device (as a most impt component of AE spectrophotometer)?

A

For spectral dispersion of radiation and separation of analytic line from other radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the action of the detector (as 1 of the most impt components of AE spectrophotometer)?

A

Permitting measurement of radiation intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What should be done to liquid sx containing element (in connection w/ AES)?

A

It is converted into an aerosol and delivered into source (where it receives energy to emit radiation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The intensity of emitted radiation is correlated to what (in connection w/ AES)?

A

It is correlated to conc. of an analyte and is basis for quantitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the flow of the simplified schematic of AES?

A

Flame or plasma (light emission) -> monochromator -> detector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is AAS (what is its principle)?

A

It is an analytic procedure for quantification of elements through absorption of optical radiation by free atoms in gas phase

Spectra of atoms are line spectra, sp. for absorbing elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 4 most impt components of AA spectrophotometer (in connection to AAS)?

A

1) Radiation light source
2) Atomizer
3) Monochromator
4) Detector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the action of radiation light source (as 1 of the most impt components of AA spectrophotometer)
Emits spectrum of analyte
26
What is the component of AA spectrophotometer in w/c atoms of element are formed?
Atomizer
27
What is the action of monochromator (as 1 of the most impt components of AA spectrophotometer)?
For spectral dispersion of radiation and separation of analytic line from other radiation
28
What is the action of detector (as 1 of the most impt components of AA spectrophotometer)?
Permitting measurement of radiation intensity
29
What is the flow of the simplified scheme of AAS instrumentation?
Light source -> flame or graphite furnace (light absorption) -> monochromator -> detector
30
What is ICP-MS?
It is a state-of-the-art analytic technique for elemental analysis
31
What is the action of ICP-MS?
It measures mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of selected analyte ions
32
ICP-MS includes what?
1) Ion source 2) m/z analyzer 3) Ion detector
33
Argon plasma induced by ICP instruments generates what (in connection w/ ICP-MS)?
High temp (~ 6,000 - ~ 10,000 K)
34
What are the several purposes that are served by argon plasma induced by ICP instruments (w/c generates high temp; in connection w/ ICP-MS)?
1) Dries droplets (produced by nebulizer) 2) Vaporizes dried particles 3) Atomizes any molecular spp. 4) Thermally ionizes atoms
35
What are the interferences for / in ICP-MS?
1) Spectroscopic | 2) Non-spectroscopic
36
Spectroscopic interferences results from what (in connection w/ ICP-MS)?
From a spectral overlap w/ spectrum of target analyte
37
What are the exs of ICP-MS spectral interferences?
1) Polyatomic spp. (whose m/z may overlap m/z of target analyte) 2) Nearby elements (in periodic table) 3) Doubly charged ions
38
What is the ex of non-spectroscopic interference in ICP-MS?
Matrix interferences
39
What are non-spectroscopic interferences?
Anything interfering w/ atomization
40
What is the principle of elemental speciation (in connection w/ ICP-MS)?
Because toxicity of an element may vary by its chemical form, methods are needed to identify specific chemical forms
41
What is hyphenated analysis (in connection w/ elemental speciation)?
It is the combination of complementary analytic techniques to measure sp. form of analyte
42
What is under elemental speciation (in connection w/ ICP-MS)?
Liquid chromatography-ICP-MS (LC-ICP-MS)
43
What are the alternative analytic techniques (in connection w/ ICP-MS)?
1) Neutron activation analysis, voltametric methods 2) Ion chromatography 3) Gas chromatography 4) Mass spectrometry 5) Laser ablation ICP-MS (LA-ICP-MS)
44
Provide exs of trace elements
1) Aluminum 2) Arsenic 3) Cadmium 4) Chromium 5) Copper 6) Iron 7) Lead 8) Mercury 9) Manganese 10) Molybdenum 11) Selenium 12) Zinc
45
What are the health effects caused by aluminum?
1) Interference w/ enzymatic processes 2) Encephalopathy 3) Bone disease 4) Proximal myopathy 5) Increased risk of infection 6) Ingestion orally 7) Inhalation 8) Parenterally
46
How are the health effects caused by aluminum primarily measured?
By ICP-MS or GFAAS
47
What are the characteristics of the health effects caused by arsenic?
1) These are non-essential | 2) These have no known fxn in human physiology
48
What is the health effect caused by arsenic?
It is toxic
49
How can exposure to arsenic occur?
1) Ingestion in food (seafood) 2) Ingestion of H2O 3) Ingestion of drink 3) Inhalation
50
What are the forms of health effects caused by arsenic?
1) Nontoxic (organic forms clear rapidly) | 2) Toxic (inorganic forms clear slowly)
51
In terms of toxicity brought by arsenic, exposure to arsenic can lead to what?
1) Acute intoxication | 2) Chronic intoxication
52
What does inorganic form (in terms of toxicity of arsenic) produce?
Symptoms (w/c can be lethal)
53
What is the characteristic of organic spp. (in connection w/ toxicity brought by arsenic)?
These are relatively non-toxic
54
What is the characteristic of health effects caused by cadmium?
1) These are non-essential | 2) These have no known fxn in human physiology
55
What is the health effects brought by cadmium?
These are toxic
56
How can exposure to cadmium occur?
1) Inhaled in tobacco smoke | 2) Ingested in food
57
How is absorption of cadmium done?
1) Inhaled (10 - 50%) 2) GI (5%) 3) Excretion in feces (90%)
58
The toxicity brought by cadmium can lead to what conditions?
1) Renal dysfxn 2) Nasal epithelial and lung damage 3) Respiratory distress 4) Nausea 5) Vomiting 6) Abdominal pain (if ingested in great amts)
59
What are the characteristics of the health effects caused by chromium?
1) These are essential | 2) These helps maintain metabolism of glucose, fat, and chole
60
What are the actions done to chromium (in connection to its absorption, transport, and excretion)?
Absorbed -> bound in blood to transferrin -> transported by albumin
61
The deficiency of chromium can lead to what conditions?
1) Glucose intolerance 2) Glycosuria 3) Hypercholesterolemia 4) Decreased longevity 5) Decreased sperm cts 6) Impaired fertility
62
The toxicity caused by chromium can lead to what conditions?
1) Dermatitis 2) Skin ulcers 3) Eczema (cutaneous contact) 4) Airway irritation and obstruction 5) Lung CA (inhaled)
63
What are the characteristics of the health effects caused by copper?
1) These are essential | 2) A cmpt of several metalloenzymes
64
How does copper exposure occur?
Ingested in food (~ 10 mg/day)
65
How does absorption of copper occur?
1) Dietary intake (50 - 80%) 2) Excretion of dietary intake in feces (50%) 3) Excretion in urine and sweat (3%)
66
Copper deficiency can lead to what conditions?
1) Neutropenia 2) Hypochromic anemia 3) Osteoporosis 4) Decreased pigmentation of skin 5) General pallor
67
Copper toxicity can lead to what condition?
Wilson's disease (neurologic disorders, liver dysfxn, Kayser-Fleischer rings in cornea)
68
What are the characteristics of the health effects caused by iron?
1) These are essential | 2) A cmpt of hgb and myoglobin
69
How can exposure to iron occur?
Ingested in food
70
What must be done to exposure to iron (in connection to absorption)?
It must be reduced to FE(II) for absorption
71
How can absorption of iron occur?
Dietary intake (10%)
72
How is transport of iron done?
It is carried by transferrin to bone marrow and incorporated into hgb
73
Iron deficiency can lead to what condition?
Anemia
74
Iron toxicity can lead to what conditions?
1) Tissue accumulation 2) Liver fxn 3) Hyperpigmentation
75
What are the characteristics of health effects caused by lead?
1) These are non-essential 2) No known fxn in human physiology 3) These are toxic
76
How can exposure to lead occur?
1) Respiratory | 2) GI
77
How can absorption of lead occur?
1) Inhaled (30 - 40%) | 2) Variable in GI
78
How can excretion of lead occur?
1) Urine (76%) 2) Feces (16%) 3) Hair (8%) 4) Sweat 5) Nails
79
Lead toxicity can lead to what conditions (in children)?
1) IQ declines 2) Clumsiness 3) Gait issues 4) Headache 5) Behavioral changes 6) Seizures 7) Cognitive and behavioral problems
80
Lead toxicity can lead to what conditions (in adults)?
1) Peripheral neuropathies 2) Motor weakness 3) Chronic renal insufficiency 4) Systolic hypertension 5) Anemia
81
What are the characteristics of health effects caused by mercury?
1) These are non-essential 2) No known fxn in human physiology 3) These are toxic
82
How can exposure to mercury occur?
1) Inhalation 2) Ingestion (fish) 3) Cutaneous 4) Injection (tattoo pigments) 5) Dental amalgams
83
How can mercury absorption occur?
1) Inhaled (80%) | 2) GI (~ 0%)
84
What are the ways for excretion of mercury?
1) Fecal | 2) Urinary
85
Mercury toxicity is primarily through what?
Primarily through rxn w/ sulfhydryl grps
86
What are the ways to acquire mercury toxicity?
1) Inhaled vapor | 2) Inorganic salts
87
Inhaled vapor (in connection w/ mercury toxicity) can lead to what conditions?
1) Nervous 2) Digestive 3) Immune systems
88
Inorganic salts (in connection w/ mercury toxicity) can lead to what conditions?
1) Skin 2) Eyes 3) GIT 4) Kidneys
89
What are the characteristics of the health effects caused by manganese?
1) These are essential 2) A cmpt of metalloenzymes 3) An active activator
90
How can absorption of manganese occur?
Dietary intake (2 - 15%)
91
What are the cmpts that affects manganese absorption?
1) Iron 2) Ca 3) Phosphates 4) Fiber
92
Manganese deficiency can lead to what conditions?
1) Blood clotting defects 2) Hypocholesterolemia 3) Dermatitis 4) Heart and bone problems 5) Stunted growth (in children)
93
Manganese toxicity can lead to what?
1) Nausea 2) Vomiting 3) Headache 4) Disorientation 5) Memory loss 6) Anxiety 7) Compulsive laughing or crying
94
What are the characteristics of the health effects caused by molybdenum?
1) These are essential | 2) A cmpt of at least 3 enzymes
95
How can absorption of molybdenum occur?
Dietary intake (25 - 80%)
96
How can excretion of molybdenum occur?
1) Urine | 2) Bile
97
What is the characteristic of molybdenum deficiency?
It is an inherited disorder
98
What are the causes of molybdenum deficiency?
1) Seizures 2) Anterior lens dislocation 3) Decreased brain weight 4) Death prior to age 1
99
What is the characteristic of molybdenum characteristic?
It is rare
100
Molybdenum toxicity is related to what?
Elevated uric acid in blood and an increased incidence of gout
101
What are the characteristics of the health effects caused by selenium?
1) These are essential 2) Part of cellular antioxidant defense system against free radicals 3) Involved in metabolism of thyroid hormones
102
How can selenium exposure occur?
1) Food | 2) Drinking H2O
103
How can absorption of selenium occur?
Dietary intake (50% >)
104
How can excretion of selenium occur?
1) Urine 2) Feces 3) Sweat
105
Selenium deficiency can lead to what conditions?
1) Cardiomyopathy 2) Muscle weakness 3) Osteoarthritis
106
What are the characteristics of selenium toxicity?
1) It is rare 2) Only from 1 form of selenium 3) Not present in food
107
Selenium toxicity causes what?
1) Nausea 2) Vomiting 3) Hair loss 4) Nail changes 5) Diarrhea
108
What are the characteristics of the health effects of zinc?
1) These are essential 2) These influences 300 enzymes > and synthesis and metabolism of proteins 3) Participates in glycolysis and chole metabolism
109
How does zinc absorption occur?
Occurs mainly in small intestine
110
What are the distribution of zinc in the blood?
Between: 1) RBCs (80%) 2) WBCs (3%
111
How can zinc excretion occur?
In feces (90%)
112
What is the characteristic of zinc deficiency?
It is widespread
113
Zinc deficiency causes what conditions?
1) Growth retardation 2) Slow skeletal maturation 3) Testicular atrophy 4) Reduced taste perception
114
Zinc toxicity causes what conditions?
1) GIT symptoms | 2) Decreased heme synthesis

Clinical Chemistry 2 (Lecture) (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions