Tumor Markers

Question 1

ALK gene rearrangements and overexpression

Answer 1

Used to determine treatment in non-small cell lung cancer and anaplastic large cell lymphoma

Question 2

Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)

Answer 2

Used to monitor response to treatment in liver cancer and germ cell tumors

Question 3

β₂-Microglobulin (B2M)

Answer 3

Used to follow response to treatment in multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, some lymphomas

Question 4

β-Human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG)

Answer 4

Used to follow response to treatment in germ cell tumors

Question 5

BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations

Answer 5

Used to determine targeted treatment plan in breast and ovarian cancers

Question 6

BCR-ABL fusion gene

Answer 6

Used to predict response to targeted therapy in chronic myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia

Question 7

BRAF V600 mutations

Answer 7

Used to predict response to targeted therapy in cutaneous melanoma and colorectal cancer

Question 8

C-kit/CD117

Answer 8

Used to determine treatment in gastrointestinal stromal tumor and mucosal melanoma

Question 9

CA15.3/CA27.29

Answer 9

Used to monitor efficacy of treatment in breast cancer

Question 10

Cancer antigen 19-9 (CA19-9)

Answer 10

Used to monitor efficacy of treatment in pancreatic cancer, gallbladder cancer, bile duct cancer, gastric carcinomas

Question 11

Cancer antigen 125 (CA 125)

Answer 11

Used to assess response to treatment in ovarian cancer

Question 12

Calcitonin

Answer 12

Used to assess response to treatment in medullary thyroid cancer

Question 13

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

Answer 13

Used to assess response to treatment in colorectal cancer. Also used to monitor NSCLC.

Question 14

CD20

Answer 14

Used to determine whether treatment with targeted therapy is appropriate in non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Question 15

Chromogranin A (CgA)

Answer 15

Used to assess response to treatment in neuroendocrine tumors

Question 16

EGFR gene mutation analysis

Answer 16

Used to determine treatment in non-small cell lung cancer

Question 17

Estrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone receptor (PR)

Answer 17

Used to assess whether treatment with hormone therapy and some targeted therapies is appropriate in breast cancer

Question 18

Fibrin/fibrinogen

Answer 18

Used to monitor response to treatment in bladder cancer

Question 19

HE4

Answer 19

Used to plan treatment options in ovarian cancer

Question 20

HER2/neu gene amplification or protein overexpression

Answer 20

Used to assess treatment with targeted therapies in breast cancer, gastric cancer, gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma

Question 21

Immunoglobulins

Answer 21

Used to assess response to treatment in multiple myeloma and Waldenström macroglobulinemia

Question 22

KRAS gene mutation analysis

Answer 22

Used to determine treatment with targeted therapy in colorectal cancer and non-small cell lung cancer

Question 23

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

Answer 23

Used to monitor response to treatment in germ cell tumors, lymphoma, leukemia, melanoma, neuroblastoma

Question 24

Neuron-specific enolase (NSE)

Answer 24

Used to assess response to treatment in small cell lung cancer and neuroblastoma

Question 25

Nuclear matrix protein-22 (NMP-22)

Answer 25

Used to monitor response to treatment in bladder cancer

Question 26

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1)

Answer 26

Used to determine treatment with targeted therapy in non-small cell lung cancer

Question 27

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

Answer 27

Used to assess response to treatment in prostate cancer

Question 28

Thyroglobulin

Answer 28

Used to evaluate response to treatment in thyroid cancer

Question 29

Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1)

Answer 29

Used to determine aggressiveness of breast cancer and treatment