What are the local effects malignant tumours
Pressure Obstruction Tissue destruction Bleeding Pain
What are the two forms of bleeding caused by malignant tumours
anaemia - slow blood loss
haemorrhage - major blood loss
What is an indirect effect of anaemia malignant tumours
tiredness
How is pain produced in tumours
Pressure on nerves
Bone pain from pathological fractures
Pain on nerves is due to perineural infiltration what is this?
cancer spreading to the space surrounding a nerve
What are the systemic effects of malignant tumours
secretion of hormones
weight loss
What is paraneoplastic syndrome
Not direct effect from cancer cells but from humoral factors from tumour cells or by an immune response against the tumour
What is abnormal hormone production in tumours
Produced by tumour from an organ that does not normally produce hormone
What is normal hormone production in tumours
produced by tumours of endocrine organ
What is dysplasia
early stage in the development of cance (pre-malignant)
Where is dysplasia identified
in the epithelium
What are the features of dysplasia
Increased nuclear size
Increased mitotic activity
Abnormal mitoses
No invasion
Why is it important to detect cancer at early stage
Reduce/prevent morbidity/mortality
What does screening do
Try and detect dysplastic cells
Carcino - embtyonic antigen biomarker indicates what
colorectal cancer
Kras biomarker indicates what cancer
colorectal cancer
EGFR is a clinical biomarker for what cancer
Lung cancer
Her2 is a clinical biomarker for what cancer
breast and gastric
B-raf is a clinical biomarker for what cancer
Melanoma
For invasion and metastasis what two natural processes need to be altered
Matrix degradation by proteolytic enzymes
and loss of cell cell/ cell ECM adhesion
Give an example of the presence of onco foetal proteins in an adult and what it can indicate
alpha feto protein AFP - testicular teratomas
or heptacellular caricinomas
What are the spread of metastasis sites for Breast, prostate and colorectal
Breats - bone
Prostate - bone
Colorectal - liver
uncommon metastasis sites
Kidney, spleen, heart, skeletal muscle
Common metastasis sites
Lungs, liver, bone, brain, adrenal
