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Uni Biology > Tutorial 2: BONES, JOINTS & MOVEMENT > Flashcards

Tutorial 2: BONES, JOINTS & MOVEMENT Flashcards

1
Q

give a description of the following movement and its plane. flexion

A

sagittal, Movement towards the ventral surface of the body.
Usually decreases the joint angle.

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2
Q

give a description of the following movement and its plane. extension

A

sagittal , Movement towards the dorsal surface. Usually increases
the joint angle.

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3
Q

give a description of the following movement and its plane. hyperextension

A

sagittal, Extension movement which goes past the fully extended
position i.e. past its anatomical position

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4
Q

give a description of the following movement and its plane. abduction

A

frontal, Movement away from the midsagittal plane.

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5
Q

give a description of the following movement and its plane. adduction

A

frontal, Movement towards the midsagittal plane.

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6
Q

give a description of the following movement and its plane. rotation

A

transverse, Movement of a bone where it spins on its longitudinal
axis.

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7
Q

give a description of the following movement and its plane. circumduction

A

multiple, Movement of the long segment where the proximal end
remains stationary and the distal end describes a circle.

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8
Q

give a description of the following movement and its plane. pronation

A

transverse, A special movement of the forearm where the palm is
turned to face posteriorly.

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9
Q

give a description of the following movement and its plane. supination

A

transverse, A special movement of the forearm where the palm is
turned to face anteriorly.

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10
Q

give a description of the following movement and its plane. dorsiflexion

A

sagittal, Movement of the foot in the sagittal plane where the toes
are lifted off the ground /stand on the heels.

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11
Q

give a description of the following movement and its plane. plantar flexion

A

sagittal , Movement of the foot in the sagittal plane to stand on the
toes

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12
Q

give a description of the following movement and its plane. elevation

A

frontal, Movement which raises a body part.

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13
Q

give a description of the following movement and its plane. depression

A

frontal, Movement which lowers a body part.

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14
Q

give a description of the following movement and its plane. eversion

A

frontal , Movement where the lateral side of the foot is raised off
the ground

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15
Q

give a description of the following movement and its plane. inversion

A

frontal, Movement where the medial side of the foot is raised off
the ground

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16
Q

give a description of the following movement and its plane. protraction

A

transverse, Movement where a body part is moved anteriorly /
forwards

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17
Q

give a description of the following movement and its plane. retraction

A

transverse, Movement where a body part is moved posteriorly /
backwards

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18
Q

what is the axial skeleton

A

The axial skeleton consists of the bones which lie around the body’s longitudinal axis.

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19
Q

The skull is ____________________ to the vertebral column?

A

Superior / cranial

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20
Q

The vertebral column is ____________________ to the skull?

A

Inferior / caudal

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21
Q

The vertebral column is ____________________ to the sternum?

and the The heart is ____________________ to the ribs?

A

Posterior / dorsal

Deep

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22
Q

where is the Hyoid bone and the Auditory ossicles (ear bones)

A

The hyoid bone and auditory ossicles in the middle ear are functionally
not part of either the axial or appendicular skeleton but are associated
with the axial skeleton and are grouped here for convenience.

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23
Q

what two groups of bones does the skull contain

A

The skull consists of the cranial and the facial bones.

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24
Q

define the following cranial bones: frontal

A

Forms the forehead, roof of the orbits & most of anterior part of
cranial floor.

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25
Q

define the following cranial bones:
parietal

A

Forms the largest portion of the sides and roof of the cranium.

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26
Q

define the following skull bones:
temporal

A

Inferior lateral aspect of cranium & part of cranial floor.

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27
Q

define the following skull bones:
occipital

A

Forms the posterior part of the cranium and most of the base of the
cranium.

28
Q

define the following skull bones:
sphenoid

A

Butterfly shaped bone in mid-part of base of skull; articulates with
all other cranial bones; forms part of the orbits.

29
Q

define the following skull bones:
ethmoid

A

Located in anterior cranial floor, medial to orbits; sponge-like in
appearance.

30
Q

define the following facial bones:
maxilla

A

Unite to form the upper jaw; articulates with every facial bone
except mandible.

31
Q

define the following facial bones:
zygomatic

A

Cheekbones; articulates with the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid &
temporal bones.

32
Q

define the following facial bones:
mandible

A

Lower jawbone; the only movable skull bone
(other than auditory ossicles).

33
Q

Look at the newborn human and chimpanzee skulls. What do you notice about
the forehead region that is different from adult skulls?

A

There are 2 separate frontal bones in the newborn skull

34
Q

Look at the small primate resource provided, which exhibits the forehead feature
you identified above in the newborn human and chimpanzee skulls.
What might this suggest about the evolutionary relationship of the three animals?

A

They share a common ancestor.

35
Q

Compared to the other specimens, what do you notice about the mandible of the
human and chimpanzee newborn specimens and the small adult primate skull?

A

The mandibles consist of 2 separate bones that are unfused.

36
Q

What might the comparative anatomy of the jaws of these three animals suggest
about their evolutionary relationship?

A

They share a common ancestor

37
Q

Compared to the adult chimpanzee and small primate, what do you notice about
the positional relationship of the adult human face relative to the skull? What
might account for this difference?

A

The chimpanzee and small primate’s faces sit in front of the skull but the human
face is positioned under the skull. This is due in part to the large human brain.

38
Q

The large hole at the base of all skulls is called the foramen magnum (which
basically means big hole!). What do you think passes through this hole?
What bony structure is this feature passing into next?

A

Spinal cord. Vertebral column

39
Q

Define the following vertebral regions and where the axial region is
cervical (7)

A

Neck region; smaller than all other vertebrae except coccygeal vertebrae. Has transverse foramen (holes) to allow the passage of blood vessels.

40
Q

Define the following vertebral regions and where the axial region is
thoracic (12)

A

Chest region; larger than cervical vertebrae; articulate with ribs.

41
Q

Define the following vertebral regions and where the axial region is
lumbar (5)

A

Lower back; largest of the unfused
vertebrae.

42
Q

Define the following vertebral regions and where the axial region is
sacrum (5)

A

Triangular bone formed by fusion of sacral vertebrae.

43
Q

Define the following vertebral regions and where the axial region is
coccyx (4)

A

Triangular; formed by fusion of coccygeal
vertebrae; articulates with apex of sacrum.

44
Q

Unlike all other primates, the apes (humans, gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans and gibbons), do not have a tail. Instead, apes have a coccyx, which is considered a remnant of the tail. What does the presence of a vestigial tail suggest about the evolutionary relationship of the apes and other primates?

A

They share a common ancestor.

45
Q

List 4 functions you think the vertebral column performs.

A
  1. Support of the head and trunk (weight bearing)
  2. Protection of the spinal cord
  3. Attachment site for muscles (movement)
  4. Attachment site for ribs / attachment sit for pelvis
46
Q

List the bony evidence you would use to support for your conclusions about the
functions of the vertebral column.

A

multiple vertebra

47
Q

read this appendicular skeleton

A

The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the bones that form the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton. The primary function of the appendicular skeleton is movement.

48
Q

read this pectoral shoulder

A

The pectoral (shoulder) girdles attach the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton. The pectoral girdles do not articulate with the vertebral column; they are held in place by muscles that extend from the vertebral column and ribs to the scapula.

49
Q

read this pelvis

A

The pelvic (hip) girdle attaches the bones of the lower limbs to the axial skeleton and consists of two coxal bones (also called os coxa, pelvic bones, hip bones) articulating with the sacrum. Each coxal bone is formed by the fusion (in the adult) of the three bones: the ilium, ischium and pubis.

50
Q

clavicle – articulates with the:

A

scapula and sternum

51
Q

scapula – articulates with the:

A
52
Q

coxal bones – articulate with the:

A

humerus and clavicle

53
Q

describe the Appendicular region and Name the bone(s) immediately proximal to: of the following Upper limbs humerus

A

arm, scapula

54
Q

describe the Appendicular region and Name the bone(s) immediately proximal to: of the following Upper limbs ulna

A

forearm, humerus

55
Q

describe the Appendicular region and Name the bone(s) immediately proximal to: of the following Upper limbs radius

A

forearm, humerus

56
Q

describe the Appendicular region and Name the bone(s) immediately proximal to: of the following Upper limbs carpals

A

hand, ulnar and radius

57
Q

describe the Appendicular region and Name the bone(s) immediately proximal to: of the following Upper limbs metacarpals

A

hand, carpals

58
Q

describe the Appendicular region and Name the bone(s) immediately proximal to: of the following Upper limbs phalanges

A

hand, metacarpals

59
Q

describe the Appendicular region and Name the bone(s) immediately proximal to: of the following Lower limbs femur

A

thigh, tibia and fibula

60
Q

describe the Appendicular region and Name the bone(s) immediately proximal to: of the following Lower limbs fibula

A

leg, tarsals

61
Q

describe the Appendicular region and Name the bone(s) immediately proximal to: of the following Lower limbs tibia

A

leg, tarsals

62
Q

describe the Appendicular region and Name the bone(s) immediately proximal to: of the following Lower limbs tarsals

A

foot, metatarsals

63
Q

describe the Appendicular region and Name the bone(s) immediately proximal to: of the following Lower limbs metatarsals

A

foot, phalanges

64
Q

describe the Appendicular region and Name the bone(s) immediately proximal to: of the following Lower limbs phalanges (toes)

A

foot, none

65
Q

Describe an example of flexion that does not occur along the sagittal plane.

A

Flexion of the thumb; lateral flexion of the trunk

66
Q

Name the movements which, in a continuous sequence, produce circumduction.

A

Flexion, abduction, extension, adduction, and rotation (or in reverse order

67
Q

what do the coxal bones articulate with?

A

femurs and sacrum

Uni Biology (29 decks)

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