Type/ Nature of Crime Flashcards
Main type of crime in Medieval era
Theft
(Due to huge poverty)
4 main types of crime in Medieval era
Theft
Murder
Receiving stolen goods
Arson/ treason/ other
Following the Norman Conquest from 1066 in the Medieval Era, what was the definition of a criminal
Someone who had disturbed the King’s Peace
E.g treason, revolt, blasphemy, heresy, sheltering criminals
Under the Norman laws towards the end of the Medieval Era (from 1066) what key offences were highlighted
(They involved ‘disturbing the king’s peace’)
Treason, revolt, sheltering criminals, heresy, blasphemy
(Any against authority (the crown/ church))
What is blasphemy
Arguing with or insulting the religion
6 crimes specific to the Medieval era
Hunting (Forest Laws- trees can’t be cut down for certain things, deer can’t be hunted)
Scolding
Vagrancy (more common after Black Death in 1340s)
Treason
Outlaw gangs
Heresy
Several serious rebellions against authority e,g peasants revolt 1381
3 main types of crime in 16th/ 17th century
Vagrancy
Heresy
Treason
Why vagrancy was a main type of crime in 16th/ 17th century
Increase in poverty meant more people wandering from place to place without a home or job.
E.g Angler, Abraham Man, Doxy
Why heresy was a main type of crime in the 16th/17th century
Reformation if the church in 1533 led to the official religion continuously being switched causing religious disputes.
Therefore it was considered heresy (a crime) if anyone didn’t follow the official religion, especially under the reign of Mary 1 who burned 300 people at the stake
Why was treason a main type of crime in the 16th and 17th century
Henry V111 issued a Treason Law in 1534:
Anyone who displayed support for the Pope/ wrote things against the King, his wife or heirs/ said the beliefs of the King went against the teachings of the church/ said the King was using his power unjustly/ kept silent when questioned on what rights the King had=
Found guilty of treason
When was the Treason Law issued and who by
1534
Henry V111
(Made lots of things treasonable)
3 Main types of crime in 18th/ 19th century
Highway Robbery
Smuggling
Crimes specific to Industrial Revolution e.g Luddism (machine breaking), swing riots (agricultural labourers set fire to hayricks and smashed machines)
What is smuggling
Crime of secretly importing or exporting goods in order to avoid paying customs duties
Key reason for increase of smuggling in 18th and 19th century
High demand (due to smuggled goods being cheaper)
Employment (still high levels of poverty so it gave people a chance to earn some money)
Insufficient policing (was relatively easy to do)
Smuggling in the 18th/ 19th century was dominated by large gangs who operated along the south coast of England. How many individuals did each gang employ
50-100
5 key roles within each smuggling gang in 18th/ 19th century
Venturer (investor)
Spotsman (direct ship to shore)
Lander (arrange unloading of smuggled cargo)
Tubsman (carry the goods)
Batsman (protect Tubsman)
2 key types of Highway Robbery in 18th/ 19th century
Footpads (attack pedestrians)
Highwayman (ride on horses and attack stage coaches/ travellers on horse back)
Why 18th century lead to increase highway robbery
Unpoliced roads
Increased travel (due to increase in population and Industrial Revolution)
Turnpike (improved) roads (more people travel on roads so more opportunity for highway robbery)
Limited banking (people carry cash with them)
Why Highway Robbery declines by end of 19th century
Roads became much busier (harder to get away with crime)
Banknotes could be traced and cashed in
1805 London main roads guarded by horse patrol
Who were Luddites and what crime did they commit
During 18th/19th century
Machine breakers (angry that their jobs had been replaced by machines following Industrial Revolution so broke into factories at night and sent letters asking factory owners to destroy machines as form of protest)
True or false, the main type of crime significantly changed in 20th/ 21st century
True
Due to advances in transport and technology
7 key types of crime in 20th/21st century
Computer crime/ cyber crime
Terrorism
Hate crimes
Hooliganism
Drug- related crime
Car crime
Gun and knife crime
Common types of car crime in 20th/21st century
Joy riding (drive someone else’s car), car jacking (crash into someone else’s car so they get out then drive their car), car theft (e.g phones whilst cars stopped at traffic lights)
2 key examples of cyber crimes in 20th and 21st century
Hacking and copyright
What methods do terrorists use to push their political demands
Assassinations, killings, suicide bombings, hijackings etc
(Use of violence and intimidation)
In 1996 over how many cars were stolen in the UK
Half a million
2 crimes specific to Industrial Revolution
Luddism 1812-13: workers destroyed factory machines to protect about machines replacing their work and leaving them unemployed
Swing riots 1830-31: agricultural labourers set fire to hayricks (stacks of hay) and smashed machinery as form of anger about their poverty and farm machinery being introduced
When did Luddism occur
1812-1813
(Early 1800s)
When did Swing Riots occur
1830-31
True or false, theft is a major type of crime across all time eras
True
Medieval era= hunting under the forest laws e.g hunting deer
18th and 19th century= highway robbery
20th and 21st century= car theft
Smuggling is the crime of secretly…in order to avoid…
Importing or exporting good
Paying custom duties
One reason highway robbery increased in the 18th century was due to increased travel as a result of the…
Industrial revolution
5 key dates/ terms
What the forest laws were in the medieval era
Definition of criminal after Norman conquest
How many people are employed in each smuggling gang
When Luddism occurred
When swing riots occurred
Forest laws- anyone found cutting down trees for building/ fuel or found hunting deer would be punished
Following Norman Conquest, from 106b as criminal was defined as someone who had ‘disturbed the King’s peace’
Each smuggling gang employed 50-100 people
Luddism: 1812-1813
Swing riots:1830-31
In the Medieval era what % of crimes are linked to manslaughter
20%
Why did smuggling increase in 1700s and 1800s
Due to increased tax on goods and many people couldn’t afford them
(Wasn’t considered a crime due to large number of people that took part in it and because harsh taxes seemed too unfair)
What was scolding (crime specific to medieval era)
Using offensive language in public
Name for increased tax on goods in industrial era
Customs duties
Led to increase in smuggling
Key example of terrorist attack
2017 Westminster Bridge
5 people killed
