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Spinal Anatomy Exam 2 > Typical Cervical Vertebra and Atypical C1 > Flashcards

Typical Cervical Vertebra and Atypical C1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the lamina-pedicle junction of typical cervical vertebrae?

A

the articular pillar

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2
Q

What nerve indents the articular pillar of typical cervical vertebrae?

A

the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a cervical spinal nerve

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3
Q

What is the classic angulation of typical cervical articular facets?

A

40 to 45 degrees from the coronal plane

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4
Q

Recent work suggests what angulation for typical cervical articular facets?

A

55 to 60 degrees

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5
Q

What is the orientation of the typical cervical superior articular facets?

A

backward, upward, medial (BUM)

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6
Q

What is the orientation of the typical cervical inferior articular facets?

A

forward, lateral, downward (FoLD)

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7
Q

What muscles will attach to typical cervical articular processes?

A

the longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidis and rotators

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8
Q

The greatest range of flexion - extension among the typical cervical vertebrae occurs at which vertebral couple?

A

typically C5/C6

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9
Q

What motions are coupled in the cervical spine?

A

lateral bending and axial rotation

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10
Q

Ranges of coupled motion among typical cervical vertebrae will be similar for what cervical vertebral couples?

A

the C2/C3, C3/C4, C4/C5 vertebral couples

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11
Q

Ranges of coupled motion around the typical cervical vertebrae will being to decrease at what cervical vertebral couple?

A

the C5/C6 vertebral couple

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12
Q

What is the usual condition for the Caucasian typical cervical spinous process?

A

they are bifid

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13
Q

What is the usual condition for the African-American typical cervical spinous process?

A

They are non-bifid

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14
Q

What muscles may attach to the typical cervical spinous process?

A

the spinalis cervicis, semifinals cervicis, semipinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators, and interspinalis

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15
Q

What ligaments will attach to the typical cervical spinous process?

A

the interspinous ligament and ligaments nuchae

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16
Q

What will form the anterior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?

A

the lateral groove and vertebral body of the segment above, the uncinate process and vertebral body of the segment below, the intervertebral disc and the posterior longitudinal ligament

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17
Q

what will for the posterior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?

A

the inferior articular process (post-zygapophysis), the superior articular process (pre-zygapophysis), the capsular ligament and the ligament flavum

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18
Q

what will form the superior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen

A

the inferior vertebral notch/incisure

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19
Q

what will form the inferior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?

A

the superior vertebral notch/incisure

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20
Q

What is the unique anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen for the C4 spinal nerve?

A

there lateral groove of C3 and uncinate process of C4 forming the joint of Luschka

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21
Q

What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?

A

atlas

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22
Q

What features are lacking at C1?

A

vertebral body, pedicles, a spinous process and the intervertebral disc

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23
Q

What osseous modification is observed to the front of the anterior arch of C1?

A

the anterior tubercle

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24
Q

What muscle attaches to the anterior arch of C1?

A

longus colli

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25
Q

What ligaments will attach to the anterior arch of C1

A

the anterior longitudinal, anterior atlanta-occipital and anterior atlanta-axial ligaments

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26
Q

What is observed on the back of the anterior arch of C1?

A

the fovea dentis

27
Q

What is the morphology of the superior articular facet of C1?

A

they are elliptical, closer together in front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividing the facet surface into two separate surfaces

28
Q

What is the orientation of the superior articular face of C1?

A

backward, upward, medial (BUM)

29
Q

What is the joint classification of the atlanto-occipital zygapophysis?

A

synovial (diarthorosis) ellipsoidal joint

30
Q

What are the morphological characteristics of the inferior articular facet of C1?

A

asymmetrical, slightly concave or flattened

31
Q

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C1?

A

backward, medial, downward (BMD)

32
Q

What is the name of the rounded elevation on the medal aspect of the lateral mass of C1?

A

tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament

33
Q

What muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1?

A

levator scapula, splenius cervicis, and fetus capitis anterior

34
Q

What part of C1 represents the spinous process?

A

posterior tubercle of the posterior arch

35
Q

What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender?

A

males: about 50mm; females: about 37mm

36
Q

What attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1

A

rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae

37
Q

What superior surface modifications of the posterior arch of C1 are present?

A

groove/sulcus for the vertebral artery and arcuate rim

38
Q

What are the attachment sites of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament

A

it si attached to the arcuate rim of the posterior arch of atlas, to the superior articular process of the lateral mass of atlas and to the posterior margin of the foramen magnum of the occipital bone

39
Q

What is the earliest age of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament was observed?

A

about age 7 years old

40
Q

Based on the amount of ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament what structures will form?

A

an incomplete ponticulus posticus or a complete ponticulus posticus

41
Q

What other name may be used to identify a ponticulus posticus?

A

Kimmerle’s anomaly

42
Q

What names are give to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?

A

arcuate foramen or retroarticular canal

43
Q

Ponticulus posticus has observed in what ethnic populations?

A

all ethnic populations studied thus far

44
Q

what is the general range of incidence of ponticulus posticus in the populations studied?

A

1-41%

45
Q

What is the gender bias now associated with ponticulus posticus?

A

female

46
Q

what is the incidence of a complete ponticulus posticus versus an incomplete one?

A

the incidence of a complete is about 15% and the incomplete may be as high as 41%

47
Q

What is observed on the undersurface of the posterior arch of C1?

A

“inferior vertebral notch” and an attachment site for the posterior atlanto-axial ligament

48
Q

What is the location of the “zygapophysis” relative to the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial intervertebral foramina?

A

it forms part of the anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen in both cases

49
Q

what is the general appearance of the transverse process of C1?

A

triangular

50
Q

what are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C1?

A

costal element, posterior tubercle, true transverse process

51
Q

what osseous parts of the transverse process are absent at C1?

A

anterior tubercle and costotransverse bar

52
Q

What muscles attach to the transverse process of C1?

A

rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, middle scalene, levator scapula, splenius cervicis, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior aan intertransversarii muscles

53
Q

What sub occipital muscles are known to have fascial projections attaching to the spinal dura?

A

rectus capitis posterior minor, rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior

54
Q

what are the connections between suboccipitial muscles and the spinal dura called?

A

myodural bridges

55
Q

what are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?

A

the lateral mass and the transverse process of atlas

56
Q

what forms of the lateral bridges are observed in the population?

A

incomplete lateral bridges and complete lateral bridges

57
Q

what opening is identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed?

A

the retrotransverse foramen

58
Q

what are the possible contents of the retrotransverse foramen?

A

the vertebral artery, a branch from the suboccipital nerve and veins communication with the venous sinuses of the neck

59
Q

what is observed in the transverse foramen of C1?

A

vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers

60
Q

What is the gender variation for measurement of the transverse diameter of C1?

A

males: 78mm; females: 72mm

61
Q

Is there a gender variation for the distance form the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin?

A

not a significant difference

62
Q

Is there a gender variation for the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin?

A

a little over 30mm for both male and females

63
Q

How many synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?

A

five

64
Q

What synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?

A

two superior articular facets, two inferior articular facets, and the fovea dentis

Spinal Anatomy Exam 2 (21 decks)

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