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VCE Health & Human Development > U4AOS2 - SDGs And Humanitarian Aid > Flashcards

U4AOS2 - SDGs And Humanitarian Aid Flashcards

1
Q

SGDs overview

A
  • developed by UN states, NGOs and people interested in making the world a better place
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2
Q

SDGs five areas for improvement

A 
people
planet
partnership
peace
prosperity
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3
Q

people

A

end poverty and hunger and ensure all human beings can fulfil their potential with dignity and equality in a healthy environment

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4
Q

planet

A

protect the planet from degradation through sustainable consumption and production, management of natural resources and acting on climate change to support the needs of present and future generations

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5
Q

partnership

A

implement the SDGs with a global partnership for sustainable development, focused on the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable with participation of all countries, stakeholders and people

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6
Q

peace

A

foster peaceful, just and inclusive societies that are free from fear and violence, there can be no sustainable development without peace and no peace without sustainable development

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7
Q

prosperity

A

ensures people can enjoy successful and fulfilling lives and that economic, social and technological progress occurs in harmony with nature

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8
Q

reasons for the SDGs

A
  • a new set of goals or targets was needed when the Millennium Development Goals finished in 2015, old global framework of action
  • progress in all areas was uneven across countries and regions
  • new global challenges emerged which needed addressing
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9
Q

SDG overarching goals

A
  • end extreme poverty
  • fight inequality and injustice
  • address climate change
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10
Q

SGG 3

A

good health and wellbeing

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11
Q

SDG 3 : outcomes

A
  • reduce maternal mortality
  • end preventable deaths of newborns and children under five
  • end the epidemic of AIDs, tuberculosis, maleria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases
  • reduce non-communicable diseases and promote mental health and wellbeing
  • reduce road traffic accidents
  • reduce deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution
  • reduce substance abuse inc. drugs and alcohol
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12
Q

SDG 3 : actions

A
  • achieve universal health coverage including affordable access to healthcare, medicines and vaccines
  • increase access to sexual and reproductive health services
  • strengthen prevention and treatment of substance abuse
  • strengthen implementation of the WHO convention on tobacco control
  • support the R&D of vaccines and medicines
  • increased investment in healthcare services
  • strengthen capacity for early warning, risk reduction and management of health and wellbeing risks
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13
Q

maternal mortality define + causes

A

refers to the number of mothers who die due to complications related to pregnancy and childbirth especially from causes such as:
haemorrhage (excess bleeding)
sepsis (infection)
obstructed labour
unsafe abortion
hypertensive disease (caused from high bp)
*malnutrition increases risk

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14
Q

maternal mortality reasons for improvements

A
  • more access to sexual and reproductive services inc. anaetal care (monitor baby and mother’s health to reduce risk of complications)
  • more births assisted by skilled health professionals
  • fewer adolescent girls having children
  • greater access to family planning services
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15
Q

end preventable deaths of newborns and U5 children

A

due to premature birth, birth asphyxia (lack of breathing at birth), birth trauma and infections

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16
Q

end preventable deaths of newborns and U5 children prevention factors

A
  • breastfeeding
  • access to sexual and reproductive health services
  • nutritious foods
  • safe water
  • access to immunisation
  • increased universal health coverage
  • funding r&d into new vaccines
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17
Q

ending communicable diseases

A 
AIDS
Maleria
Tuberculosis
Neglected Tropical Diseases
Hepatitis
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18
Q

AIDS

A

caused by HIV // people are at risk of developing infections, cancers and other diseases such as tuberculosis
- transmitted through bodily fluids or breastfeeding

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19
Q

AIDS actions

A
  • increased access to prevention services
  • increased access to diagnosis
  • investment in healthcare services
  • investment in R&D for vaccines
  • investment in ART treatment
  • removing barriers to discrimination
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20
Q

ART treatment

A

antiretroviral drugs > delay or prevent the progression of HIV to AIDS

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21
Q

maleria

A

life threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people when bitten by infection female mosquitos
- destroys the body’s red blood cells and cause fever, headaches, diarrhoea, vomiting

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22
Q

maleria actions

A
  • investment in healthcare and the health workforce
  • increased access to diagnosis, treatment and prevention
  • mass distribution of insecticide treated bed nets
  • investment in R&D of new vector control strategies
  • increased access to indoor residual spraying
  • more effective medicines
  • access to clean water and sanitation
  • reduce risks caused by conflicts
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23
Q

tuberculosis

A 
a highly infectious disease that affects the lungs, is highly contagious and transmitted via the air
- symptoms include:
> persistent cough
> tiredness
> weight loss
> coughing up blood
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24
Q

tuberculosis actions

A
  • improved reporting
  • more trained health workers
  • increased funding for health and wellbeing services
  • provide universal health coverage
  • access to clean water and sanitation
  • research and development for more effective drugs and vaccines
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25
Q

neglected tropical diseases

A
  • a diverse group of 15 diseases that mainly occur in tropical and subtropical environment
  • thrive in poorest and most marginalised communities
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26
Q

neglected tropical diseases actions

A
  • cost effective diagnosis tests
  • vector control
  • public health measures
  • accurate mapping of diseases
  • universal health coverage for diagnosis, treatment and medicine
  • research and development for new, safe and effective drugs
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27
Q

hepatitis

A
  • five types (a,b,c,d,e)
  • a & e > food-borne
  • b & c > blood-borne
  • d is transmitted through blood and only infects people with hep. b
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28
Q

hepatitis actions

A
  • universal health coverage
  • large scale vaccination programs a,b,e
  • access to clean water and sanitation
  • safe practices in healthcare for blood and surgical safety
  • expansion of hep c prevention programs
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29
Q

non-communicable diseases

A

traditionally these problems only affected high income countries but now 80% of BOD affects low > middle income countries
- include: cvd, cancer, respiratory diseases and diabetes

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30
Q

non-communicable diseases actions

A
  • implement taxes on alcohol and tobacco
  • implement the framework convention on tobacco control
  • include easy to understand food labelling
  • encourage regular physical activity
  • tax sugar sweetened drinks
  • increase funding to provide universal health coverage
  • expand health promotion services especially in low and middle income countries
  • creating health promoting environments
  • invest in research and development for prevention and control
  • monitor trends
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31
Q

mental health and wellbeing

A

when people experience good health and wellbeing they are able to realise their potential, cope with the norma. stresses of life, work productively and contribute to their communities

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32
Q

mental health and wellbeing actions

A
  • leadership and governance that prioritises mental health
  • develop and implement anti discrimination laws for social protection for sufferers
  • establish strategies that promote good health and wellbeing and prevent mental disorders
  • better data on the number of people who experience mental health and wellbeing issues
  • investment in mental health treatment and diagnosis services
  • training the health workforce with mental health and wellbeing expertise
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33
Q

road traffic accidents

A
  • poor quality roads, unsafe vehicles and driver behaviour are responsible for most of the road traffic accidents worldwide with driver behaviour being a significant risk factor
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34
Q

road traffic accidents actions

A
  • improve road infrastructure
  • education, healthy public policy and law enforcement needed
  • ensure those who are injured can get both income and treatment
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35
Q

alcohol and drug use

A
  • alcohol consumption which is unhealthy can lead to death, injury, disability from injury, drowning and accidents
  • illicit drugs contribute to the spread of HIV and can negatively impact mental health
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36
Q

alcohol and drug use actions

A
  • create many policies in government

- international cooperation is needed to address the illegal movement of drugs an alcohol between countries

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37
Q

hazardous chemicals and pollution

A
  • air pollution can result in death from heart and lung diseases such as stroke, heart disease, respiratory infections and cancers
  • water pollution can spread diseases and contribute to malnutrition
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38
Q

hazardous chemicals and pollution actions

A
  • decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing access to clean foods
  • reducing vehicle emissions
  • providing clean energy incentives
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39
Q

SDG 1

A

no poverty

  • aims to end poverty in all forms by 2030
  • poverty is a major of ill health and this causes poverty
  • individuals struggle to purchase food, water, clothing, shelter and healthcare and are more vulnerable to natural disasters and can’t access medical care
  • caused by lack of income sometimes linked to gender inequalities
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40
Q

SDG 1 links to SDG 3

A
  • ending extreme poverty means people can afford to send their daughters to school reducing maternal mortality, infant and U5MR as a fewer girls are are forced into marriage (SDG 1 > 3)
  • reducing the number of people suffering from diseases means people are more able to work in meaningful employment reducing the number of people in poverty in poverty (SDG 3 > 1)
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41
Q

aims of SDG 1

A
  • trying to eradicate extreme poverty (living on less than 1.9US / day)
  • trying to significantly reduce a number of men, women and children living in poverty
  • to implement social protection systems
  • to ensure equal access and rights to: essential resources, services, natural resources and appropriate new technology
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42
Q

SDG 2

A

zero hunger

  • end hunger and ensure access to all people (particularly the poor, more in vulnerable situations and injuries) to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round
  • end all forms of malnutrition
  • double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers in particularly women, indigenous people, family farmers
  • ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production
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43
Q

SDG2 links to SDG3

A
  • if all forms of malnutrition were eradicated then people would have stronger immune systems and be better able to recover from communicable diseases working to achieve good health and wellbeing (2>3)
  • if universal healthcare was achieved then people would have access to diagnosis and treatment options thus enabling more people to be healthier increasing food production (3>2)
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44
Q

SDG4

A

quality education

  • eliminate greater discrepancies in education
  • ensure all girls and boys have access to quality early education, care etc. so they are ready for school
  • ensure all children complete fair, equitable and quality primary and secondary ed.
  • ensure equal access for all to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education
  • build and upgrade edu. facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive
  • substantially increasing the supply of qualified teachers
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45
Q

SDG4 links to SDG3

A
  • if children are able to attend primary school they will have a greater health literacy and understanding of sexual and reproductive care reducing the risk of early pregnancies and multiple pregnancies close together (4>3)
  • improving access to sexual and reproductive care and family planning (3) means fewer girls will be pregnant at a young age improving access to education (3>4)
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46
Q

SDG5

A

gender equality

  • end all forms of discrimination against women and girls everywhere
  • eliminate all forms of violence against females
  • eliminate all harmful practices such as early forced marriage and FGM
  • ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision making in political, economic and public life
  • ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health
47
Q

SDG5 links to SDG3

A
  • if discrimination is reduced more women would be able to access sexual and reproductive care, family planning and education (5>3)
  • if universal access to healthcare is achieved it would help end discrimination of females who are unable to access healthcare (3>5)
48
Q

SDG6

A

clean water and sanitation

  • achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all
  • achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all
  • improve water quality by reducing pollution
  • sustainably increase water use efficiency
49
Q

SDG6 links to SDG3

A
  • if everyone has access to safe and affordable drinking water they are less likely to drink contaminated water thus reducing preventable infant mortality and U5MR (6>3)
  • reducing the number of people suffering from communicable and non-communicable diseases means that governments can fund infrastructure improving access to clean water and sanitation facilities (3>6)
50
Q

SDG13

A

climate action

  • strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate related hazards and natural disasters in all countries
  • integrate climate change considerations into policies
  • improve education, awareness and human / institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaption, impact reduction etc.
  • improve climate change related planning and management in low income countries
51
Q

SDG13 links to SDG3

A
  • integrating climate change measures into policies and planning can reduce natural disasters which can spread communicable diseases such as cholera and diarrhoea (13>3)
  • when children are healthy and not suffering from communicable diseases they are better able to attend school and improve their level of education on climate change and impact reduction measures (3>13)
52
Q

WHO

A

world health organisation
- branch of the UN
three main principles:
- the engagement of the highest attainable standard of health is a fundamental right without discrimination
- the health of all people is fundamental to the attainment of peace ad security and is dependent on the fullest cooperation of individuals and society
- unequal development in different countries in the prevention of health and control of diseases especially communicable diseases is a common danger

53
Q

WHO main functions

A
  • provide leadership and create partnerships to promote h+w
  • conduct research and provide h+w information
  • set goals and standards and promote and monitor their implementation
  • develop policies to assist countries in taking action to promote h+w
  • provide technical support and help build sustainable health systems
  • monitor h+w and assess trends
54
Q

WHO mission

A

promote health - keep the world safe - serve the vulnerable

55
Q

WHO main goals

A

achieving universal health coverage
addressing health emergencies
promoting healthier populations
*1 billion more people each

56
Q

achieving universal health coverage

A
  • every country having a strong and resilient people centred health system based on primary care, health promotion and disease prevention
  • providing access to essential healthcare services including medicines and vaccines at a cost affordable to all
57
Q

WHO works to achieve universal health coverage by

A
  • supporting governments to remove financial, cultural, geographical barriers in receiving healthcare
  • supporting the education and employment of sufficient health workers globally
  • partnering with governments and organisations to improve access to affordable and quality medicines, vaccines and health products
  • supporting governments to provide strong, efficient, well run health systems that meets priority health needs
58
Q

addressing health emergencies

A
  • ensuring countries are better prepared to deal with health emergencies through early detection, risk assessment, information sharing and a quick response
  • work that will achieve this priority means all communities will be better prepared for health emergencies by building resilient health systems
59
Q

WHO works to address health emergencies by

A
  • supporting countries to increase their capacity in health emergencies
  • providing support that ensures that vulnerable populations affected by emergencies have rapid access to essential life-saving health services inc. promotion and disease prevention
  • assisting in the implementation of policies such as International Health Regulations (IHR)
60
Q

promoting healthier populations

A

ensuring people are healthier at all lifespan stages by reducing communicable and non-communicable diseases and maternal and child mortality

61
Q

WHO works to promote healthier populations by

A
  • partnering with governments and health organisations to promote health particularly amongst women, children and adolescents
  • providing support to governments to implement prevention strategies for non-communicable diseases, mental health and causes of injury
  • supporting countries efforts to eliminate preventable and treatable communicable diseases
  • increasing awareness and understanding of antibiotic use and encouraging research into addressing antimicrobial resistance
62
Q

aid

A

assistance given to countries or communities in the event of a crisis or for the development of a long-term sustainable improvement

63
Q

types of aid

A

emergency
bilateral
multilateral

64
Q

emergency aid

A

rapid assistance given to people or countries in immediate distress to relieve suffering during and after emergencies such as natural disasters or conflict / humanitarian crisis

  • providing food, clothing, healthcare, shelter, medicine, health workers
  • short term designed to keep people alive
  • promote physical h+w by protecting people from communicable diseases and death
  • promotes mental h+w by reducing stress and anxiety short term
65
Q

bilateral aid

A

aid one government provides to the government of another country / it’s purpose is to help reduce poverty and bring about long term sustainable development to eventually allow the country to become self sufficient

  • often funds infrastructure projects and builds relationships between countries
  • improves physical and emotional wellbeing as it reduces poverty
  • social h+w is promoted as educational programs allow children and adults to learn
  • reducing poverty and stress improves mental h+w
66
Q

multilateral aid

A

aid provided from many governments to large international organisations such as the UN and WHO / funds can help populations in many countries and will often fun health and education programs or addresses global issues

  • also provides emergency relief through programs such as a the WFP
  • long term with the funds promoting h+w and human development
  • often involves NGO’s (have the advantage of global reach and has strong connections to the local community)
67
Q

Australia’s aid program

A

managed by DFAT (department of foreign affairs and trade)
- works to reduce poverty and promote h+w and human development in low and middle income countries with focus on neighbours

68
Q

Australia’s aid program priorities

A

infrastructure, trade facilitation and international competitiveness
education and health
gender equality and empowering women and girls
building resilience (humanitarian assistance, disaster risk reduction and social protection)
effective governance (policies, institutions and functioning economies)
agriculture, fisheries and water

69
Q

infrastructure

A
  • construction of schools, medical facilities, roads etc.
  • building water and sanitation systems
  • improves ICT infrastructure
70
Q

trade facilitation

A
  • identify barriers and developing solutions for international trade
  • provide trade agreements and opportunities and develop solutions for international trade
71
Q

international competitiveness

A
  • develop expertise in global trade, policy and practice

- provide microfinance

72
Q

education and health

A
  • improving educational and health opportunities through training of teachers, provision of scholarships, immunisation programs and health clinics
73
Q

gender equality and empowering women and girls

A
  • enhancing women’s voice in decision making, leadership and peace building
  • promoting women’s economic development
  • ending violence against women and girls
74
Q

building resilience (humanitarian assistance, disaster risk reduction and social protection)

A
  • providing assistance in emergencies and assisting countries to better prepare for emergencies through early warning systems
75
Q

effective governance (policies, institutions and functioning economies)

A
  • supports anti corruption initiatives
  • supports general elections
  • training of public servants
  • supports the development of tax policies
  • provides governments with advice on financial management
  • supports countries to improve budgets and meet debts
76
Q

agriculture, fisheries and water

A
  • strengthening markets
  • improving productivity and sustainable use of resources through innovation
  • promoting effective policy, governance and reform
77
Q

partnerships (Aus Aid)

A 
other gov. dependencies
private sector partnerships
bilateral partnerships
multilateral organisations
non-government organisations
78
Q

other gov. dependencies

A

DFAT works with many other government departments and agencies

79
Q

private sector partnerships

A

DFAT partners with a range of companies within the private sector to achieve their goals and objectives

80
Q

bilateral partnerships

A

the effectiveness of Aus Aid is increased through use of bilateral partnerships with other countries where experience and resources can be combined

81
Q

multilateral organisations

A

includes the World Bank and United Nations, their large size enables them to undertake projects on a large scale

82
Q

non-government organisation

A

partner with many NGOs

83
Q

NGOs

A

there are thousands of NGOs providing aid / they work in and around Aus.

84
Q

NGOs provide

A
  • funding for projects such as mobile health clinics
  • trained personnel to deliver projects
  • education and training
  • resources such as building materials and IT hardware
85
Q

world vision

A

works in many countries and works with many people to create change

  • community dev.
  • humanitarian and emergency relief
  • tackling injustice through policy change, education and advocacy
86
Q

community development

A
  • works alongside poor communities to fund solutions to problems such as malnutrition, lack of safe drinking water, disease, illiteracy or unemployment
  • uses an area development program (focuses on an area to have a regional impact)
87
Q

humanitarian and emergency relief

A
  • providing rapid emergency relief to people affected by conflict or natural disasters // use rebuilding programs and disaster prep programs
88
Q

tackling injustice through policy change, education and advocacy

A
  • engages governments, institutions, donors, communities and the public to address the underlying causes of poverty
89
Q

world vision improves human development by

A
  • working with children, communities and families all around the world to reduce the impact of poverty
  • supply medical workers and medicine and thus reduce the impacts of communicable diseases
90
Q

red cross

A

works to improve the lives of vulnerable people in Australia and internationally
- work with seven principles: humanity, impartiality, neutrality, independence, voluntary service, unity and universality

91
Q

red cross improves human development by

A
  • protecting people’s dignity which reduces stress and anxiety (mental h+w)
  • recognise disaster risks and helps to reduce their impacts
92
Q

oxfam

A

secular, has a vision of a just world without poverty and aims to create long lasting solutions and a secure world

93
Q

oxfam six main activities

A
  • long term development programs
  • respond to emergencies
  • campaign for a more just world
  • involve the Australian community
  • ethical investment, banking and travel
  • Oxfam Australia shops
94
Q

oxfam improves human development by

A
  • working to improve SDG6 and gives advice to improve h+w

- long term projects such as rebuilding houses which improves livelihoods

95
Q

features of effective aid

A

ownership
partnerships
focused on results
transparency and accountability

96
Q

ownership

A
  • for aid to be effective and sustainable the country needs to be invested in deciding the type of aid that will best meet their needs
  • this ensures the program fits with the larger longer-term needs and plans of the recipient country
  • programs need to consider the sociocultural and political aspects of the community and must be implemented in a sensitive way
  • using local languages and visual aids can help
97
Q

partnerships

A
  • an effective aid program relies on the partnership between many stakeholders to effectively use resources and combine different strengths and expertise
  • ensures community involvement and ownership
  • develops knowledge and skills of the local community
98
Q

focused on results

A
  • addresses patterns of disease and illness
  • seeks to reduce poverty and inequality
  • focuses on women
  • aid reaches those who need it
99
Q

transparency and accountability

A
  • funding is used for its intended purpose
  • regular moments of progress against program aims
  • information is published and openly available
100
Q

India’s Barefoot College Solar Engineering Program background

A

Addresses SDG5 : Gender Equality

  • there is limited access to electricity in low income countries and they rely on kerosene, wax candles and batteries
  • without adequate light for women it is more dangerous for them at night and they have a greater risk of violence
  • kerosene and wax candles can cause fires and air pollution
101
Q

India’s Barefoot College Solar Engineering Program overview

A
  • funded in 1972 by a farmer and social worker who wanted to empower local women
  • trained semi-literate people to become solar engineers and. develop skills from verbal instruction and by working with their trainers
  • have a strong role in community dev.
102
Q

implementation - partnerships

A
  • local and national organisation, team at college and the village energy and environment committee
103
Q

implementation - focused on results

A
  • after the women have the knowledge they go back to their village and install the solar and are paid mostly for the funding and repairing them / focuses on women
104
Q

implementation - ownership

A
  • travel to community elders and the village leaders etc control all the energy etc
105
Q

implementation - transparency and accountability

A
  • funding is used to up-skill women and handle equipment, build solar lanterns, install batteries and panels and build a local electric workshop
  • funding kept in the community
106
Q

India’s Barefoot College Solar Engineering Program outcomes

A
  • trained hundreds of women and they have all built up their community
  • reduces air pollution
  • contributes to better h+w outcomes
107
Q

India’s Barefoot College Solar Engineering Program - promoting h+w

A
  • reduces indoor air pollution and contributes to lower rates of respiratory diseases
  • improves emotional & mental h+w as women and children feel safer at night and are less vulnerable to violence // women also have a sense of pride and builds their self esteem
  • improved community connection improves social h+w
  • women feel proud to give back promoting spiritual h+w
108
Q

India’s Barefoot College Solar Engineering Program - promoting human development

A
  • improves quality of life for the women and those in the community
  • women have more freedom, opportunity and control and have choices
  • contributes to better living standard and a long healthy life, program helps develop knowledge and address gender equality
  • allows women to develop to their full potential and lead productive and creative lives
109
Q

social action

A

about doing something to help create positive change as an individual or group

110
Q

reasons people engage in social actions

A
  • to help others less fortunate
  • to ensure that the needs of people are represented
  • to eliminate discrimination
  • to prevent harm and damage to the community or environment
  • to preserve something historical or of social value
111
Q

ways of taking social action

A
  • volunteering time
  • donate money
  • show support by signing petitions or sharing on social media
  • find out more about social actions
  • using purchasing power
  • organise a boycott
  • lobby governments
  • start a social enterprise
112
Q

social enterprise

A

there are many examples of a social enterprise and they aim to raise awareness of injustices in the world and harness social action to make change

113
Q

Who Gives A Crap

A
  • sell eco-friendly toilet paper in a way which allows profits to address water and sanitation issues
  • began with crowdfunding, for every toilet roll sold 50% goes to non-profits working to implement sanitation and hygiene worldwide
114
Q

Fairtrade

A
  • social action that is being taken to address poverty and some of the problems which come with it
  • works with small farmers to get better deals when they want to trade their products
  • ensures they are paid fairly
  • a social premium is also charged to improve their standards of living
  • products include coffee, rice and chocolate

VCE Health & Human Development (5 decks)

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