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Flashcards in UK's Physical landscape Deck (162)
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1
Q

Explain how a bar forms.

A

a bar is formed when a spit joins two headlands together. the bar cuts off the bay between the headlands from the sea which means that a lagoon can form behind the bar.

2
Q

What is a storm surge and how is it caused?

A

When the sea gets shallower and water is pushed up by the wind and hits the land. These can flood low-lying coastlines.

3
Q

What are the 3 main influences on the strength of a wave?

A
  • how long the wind has been blowing
  • the strength of the wind
  • how far the wave has been travelling (the fetch)
4
Q

Explain how coves (e.g. Lulworth Cove) form on concordant coastlines.

A

The entrance to the cove is narrow where the waves have cut through the resistant limestone. Then the cove widens where the softer clays have been more easily eroded. At the back of the cove is a band of more resistant chalk, so erosion is slower here.

5
Q

What are the 4 options in a shoreline management plan?

A

Hold the line- stop more erosion and protecting current coastline by using hard and soft engineering
Advance the line- reclaiming land and protecting it using hard and soft engineering
Strategic realignment- working with nature to allow gradual erosion using natural ecosystems
Do nothing- allow erosion to happen

6
Q

What are floodplains? Where do they form on a rivers profile? Explain their formation.

A

Lower course. They are the wide and flat areas of land either side of a river that are liable to flood. They form due to both erosion and deposition. Erosion removes any interlocking spurs, creating a wide, flat area on either side of a river. Material carried by the river is also deposited on the channel side creating land.

7
Q

What are oxbow lakes? Where do they form on a rivers profile? Explain their formation.

A

Lower course. Meanders become so large and tight that they are nearly touching. In times of flood, the fast flowing water erodes more efficient channel and breaks through the land between the meander to take a new, straighter and shorter route. Alluvium (sediment) is then deposited to cut off the original meander, leaving a horseshoe-shaped oxbow lake.

8
Q

What is tectonic uplift?

A

Uplifting of land due to tectonic plates.

9
Q

What is the tributary?

A

A small river that joins the main channel

10
Q

What is deposition? When does it occur at the coast?

A

When constructive waves deposit materials carried by its strong swash. Factors that affect deposition are sheltered spots (bays), calm conditions and gentle gradient offshore causing friction. These all reduce the wave’s energy.

11
Q

What is the confluence?

A

the point at which two rivers meet

12
Q

How can climate affect transportation of sediment and erosion of the channel?

A

More rainfall causes a higher discharge so more erosion. Wind means more sediment may be blown into the river so higher load. Freeze thaw weathering on riversides may cause rocks to fall into the river and be eroded

13
Q

What are interlocking spurs? Where do they form on a rivers profile? Explain their formation.

A

In the upper course there is more vertical erosion. The river cuts down into the valley. If there are areas of hard rock which are harder to erode, the river will bend around it because ehe rivers aren’t powerful enough to erode laterally. This creates fingers of land (spurs) which then become interlocking with those on the other side of the valley.

14
Q

What is Millstone grit like?

A

Sedimentary. Formed when sandstone has been compacted. Very resistant.

15
Q

What are levees? Where do they form on a rivers profile? Explain their formation.

A

Lower course. these are natural embankments (raised bits) along the edges of a river channel. When a river floods, it overflows onto the surrounding floodplain. There is an increase in friction acting on the water resulting in a decrease in velocity and therefore a decrease in energy, resulting in deposition. The largest sediment is deposited next to the channel as it is the heaviest and the levee builds up.

16
Q

Explain how a spit forms.

A

The material is moved along the beach by longshore drift until it reaches an area of shallow water behind a headland where the larger sediments are deposited first. The finer material is carried along the spit before being deposited after. A hook may be formed if the wind direction changes. Behind the spit, more deposition takes place and a salt marsh may develop, new land is eventually created. They extend across a bay or estuary or where the coastline changes direction.

17
Q

What are meanders? Where do they form on a rivers profile? Explain their formation.

A

Lower course. There are bends in the river’s course. In the lower course the river uses up surplus energy by swinging one way and the other, causing lateral erosion on the outside of bends because the current is faster so there is more hydraulic action and abrasion (forming river cliffs) and leaves deposition on the inside of bends due to the slow current so more friction (leaving slip-off slopes).

18
Q

Which area of the UK experienced glaciation?

A

The north of the UK. Ice sheets and glaciers hundreds of metres thick covered the land as far south as London. The south wasn’t glaciated but suffered from glacial deposition (where clays, sands ans ailts have been eroded in the north by glaciers and been dumped and washed over southern areas.

19
Q

Explain how discordant coastlines lead to the formation of headlands and bays (e.g. Swanage Bay)

A

Wave action erodes the less resistant rock quicker due to hydraulic action and abrasion leaving bays. The more resistant rock is left sticking out as a headland.

20
Q

What is the tees-exe line?

A

It divides the highland areas (Lake District) and lowland areas (The Weald)

21
Q

What is the upper course of a river like?

A

Energy and velocity is low as it is shallow and narrow. Meaning there is a low volume of water so it is inefficient as there is a lot of friction (low load, high bedload)

22
Q

What are v-shaped valleys? Where do they form on a rivers profile? Explain their formation.

A

In the upper course when the river is in bank full conditions vertical erosion takes place. This means there is a lot of energy due to the high discharge. The bedload transported by traction and saltation causes abrasion on the channel bed. The valley sides are left unaffected as they are not vertical.

23
Q

What does the river need to be able to transport and erode more?

A

If it has a higher efficiency. This means there will be more energy and a higher velocity. If it is deeper there will be less friction so higher velocity.

24
Q

What strategies are used at Barton on sea on the Christchurch coastline?

A

Revetments, rock groynes and drainage of cliffs are being put into place.

25
Q

Explain how wave cut platforms are formed on a resistant cliff.

A

Waves cause most erosion at the foot of a cliff which forms a wave-cut notch which is enlarged as erosion continues. The overhanging rock becomes unstable and eventually collapses forming a new wave-cut notch. Repeated collapsing results in the cliff retreating and the wave-cut platform is left behind as the cliff retreats.

26
Q

Explain how climate change will lead to more frequent and intense storms and storm surges.

A

As atmospheric temperature rises it fuels the storm. With the water furthermore expanding due to temperatures rising it poses more risk to low-lying coastlines if a storm surge was to happen.

27
Q

What is interception?

A

Trees catching rainfall and stopping it reaching the ground

28
Q

What is a storm hydrograph? Describe its features.

A

They show how fast rainfall gets to the river.
The basin lag time is the difference in time between the peak of the rainstorm and the peak of the river discharge.
The rising limb is the slope upwards so the rising flood water.
The falling limb is the decrease in river discharge as the river returns to its normal level.
The small bar graph measures the amount of rainfall.
The y axis is the discharge and the x axis is the hours from start of rain storm.
The actual space under the line graph goes from overland flow to through flow to base flow.

29
Q

Explain how isostatic (post glacial rebound) contributes to the risk of sea level rise and storm surges.

A

As land masses rise it means that low-lying coastlines will notice the rise in sea levels as they will experience flooding. Post glacial rebound is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last ice age.

30
Q

Explain how a tombolo forms

A

When a spit grows out from the mainland and joins to another island.

31
Q

Explain how slumping happens.

A

When rock is saturated with water from precipitation and slides down a curved slip plane. The first layer is sandstone, which lets water in. The second layer is clay which is impermeable which leads to a build up of water. This makes it heavy and drops down due to gravity.

32
Q

What effect will the presence of joints (cracks) in the rock have on erosion?

A

Rocks with more joints and faults will erode quicker as air and water will be able to enter the cracks to then eventually form a cave.

33
Q

What are the 4 options to mitigate against the increasing flood risk?

A
  • hard engineering
  • soft engineering
  • do nothing
  • use demountable aluminium flood barriers
34
Q

How can slope processes influence a river?

A

Slope processes, also known as mass movement, affect the shape of river valleys and can increase sediment load in the river itself.
The main types are soil creep and slumping. Soil creep is when particles of soil slide down the valley side due to gravity. This can be further pressurised by high rainfall. This leads to lots of fine material being added to the river’s load.
Slumping is when water saturates an area of lower resistance rock which is above higher resistance rock. this saturates the rock which leads to the instability of the rock which causes it to slump downwards.

35
Q

Explain how chemical weathering affects limestone cliffs.

A

When more carbon dioxide mixes with rain it forms acid rain, which erodes limestone.

36
Q

Describe rock groynes and its pros and cons

A

traps sand transported by LSD to maintain beach, pros: effective, prevents erosion, fairly cheap
Cons: damages coastline, starves beaches down the coast making them narrower which doesn’t protect as well so more erosion

37
Q

Explain 2 soft engineering strategies.

A

Flood warnings and preparation- the environmental agency monitors rivers and issues warnings via newspapers, TV and the radio. It means people have more time to prepare (sandbags) however some people may not be able to access the warnings and flash floods may happen too quickly for an effective warning.
Afforestation- replanting trees, increased interception, absorbs co2 but isn’t suitable for all locations

38
Q

What human and physical factors would reduce lag time and increase peak discharge? Explain in detail.

A

Geology- more resistant rock will absorb less water so more surface run- off will happen.
Antecedent conditions- if the ground is already saturated with water there will be mire run-off straight into the river
Drainage basin shape- a wide basin with lots of tributaries close together means shorter lag time because water enters the rivers quicker.
Urbansiation- if there are more buildings there will be less trees and less soil to absorb the water.
Building on floodplains- these areas are extremely vulnerable to flooding due to the proximity to the rivers.
Deforestation- less trees to absorb the water so more surface run-off.

39
Q

What weathering and processes occur in Wasdale, Lake District?
UPLAND LANDSCAPE

A
  • glacier carved U shaped valley and left lake
  • misfit stream, depositing alluvium
  • freeze thaw weathering leaving scree
  • slope processes like landslides
40
Q

What is weathering?

A

The process of weakening and breaking up rocks.

41
Q

How can the rock type influence the rate of erosion at the coast?

A

Hard igneous or metamorphic (e.g. granite) is resistant to all types of erosion and takes longer for them to be eroded and weathered by physical processes however soft sedimentary (e.g. clay) is less resistant and is easily eroded by the sea.

42
Q

Explain how a stack (e.g. Old Harry) forms over time on a headland of relatively resistant rock?

A

Headlands are usually made of resistant rocks that have cracks and when the waves crash into the headlands they enlarge the cracks mainly by hydraulic action and abrasion. This continued enlargement causes a cave to form. Continued erosion deepens the cave until it breaks through the headland forming an arch. Erosion continues to wear away the rock supporting the arch until it eventually collapses. This will form a stack- an isolated rock that’s separate from the headland, eg. Old Harry in Dorset

43
Q

What is the source?

A

the original point from which the river flows

44
Q

What is the difference between hard engineering and soft engineering?

A

Hard engineering is built structures and are expensive however soft engineering is more natural and encourages natural processes to occur.

45
Q

What sub aerial mean?

A

Sub aerial processes refer to those that occur on the cliff face as opposed to the cliff foot.

46
Q

Which type of wave will cause greater erosion rates with these processes?

A

Destructive waves

47
Q

What is sandstone like?

A

Sedimentary. Formed from sand grains compacted together. Slightly porous. Young sandstone is weak, older sandstone are resistant.

48
Q

What is a subdued hydrograph?

A

Short and shallow looking. Lag time is long, peak discharge is low, less likely to cause flooding. Factors to cause: less rainfall, gentle river, shallow

49
Q

What are the 4 types of erosion that can occur at the coast? Describe how they work and what influence they have.

A

Hydraulic action- the sheer weight and impact of water against the coastline and when air traps in cracks of a cliff, forcing them apart and weakening the rock.
Abrasion- rock and sand grinding down cliff surfaces like sandpaper.
Attrition- rocks and pebbles carried by the waves rub together and break down into small pieces.
Solution- chemical action by seawater on some rocks, especially limestone.

50
Q

What weathering and processes occur in the Weald?

LOWLAND LANDSCAPE

A
  • scarp and vale landscape
  • used to be a dome of sedimentary rock but has eroded
  • chalk vulnerable to carbonation (chemical weathering)
  • lowland area with a wide dry valley, formed during glacial periods when the colder climate led to more freeze-thaw weathering and glacial snow melt so they had much more water in the streams than today
  • meanders on the impermeable clay, widening the valley floor
51
Q

What is Carboniferous limestone like?

A

Sedimentary. Formed by fossils on the seabed being compacted with other layers. Permeable, with underground rivers, passages and caves. Generally resistant.

52
Q

Explain how tectonic forces created fault scarps in the past.

A

Fault scarps like Giggleswick Scar were formed due to tectonic uplift. When the crust drifts away convection currents beneath the earth pushed up some land. Sedimentary rock strata tilts upwards and a steep ridge is formed.

53
Q

What is the watershed?

A

The area of high land forming the edge of a river basin

54
Q

Describe rip rap and its pros and cons

A

absorbs wave energy to protect cliffs, pros: natural, promotes marine ecosystems (rockpools). Cons: dangerous, expensive

55
Q

What are destructive waves like?

A
  • they carry out erosional processes
  • their backwash is more powerful than their swash so material is removed from the coast
  • storms increase the erosional power of destructive waves
56
Q

What are lower course rivers like?

A

Almost flat land that is wide and deep. This makes it very fast flowing so very efficient. Load is high so there is suspended sediment, low erosion

57
Q

During longshore drift, waves carry sediment. Describe the 4 ways they do this (4 types of transportation).

A

Saltation- smaller stones crash into each other, driving them upwards
Suspension- sediments in the water are carried along in the flow
Traction- large boulders are rolled along the sea bed by waves
Solution- when sediments are dissolved into the water

58
Q

What is a dry valley and how do they form?

A

A valley containing no water. Typically on an area of porous rock such as limestone. The U shaped valley was carved out by a glacier and then when melted was infiltrated into the rock.

59
Q

What is the mouth?

A

The place where a river enters a lake, larger river, or the ocean

60
Q

What is granite like?

A

Igneous. Formed from magma cooling deep underground. Hard and resistant to erosion but is susceptible to chemical weathering. Impermeable.

61
Q

What is schist like?

A

Metamorphic. Formed by further metamorphosis of slate, where it is partly melted and solidified. Very resistant but splits easily. They are impermeable which can lead to waterlogged soils.

62
Q

Explain how glaciation in the UK’s past created U shaped valleys.

A

When glaciers form on v shaped valleys in the upper course they increase in size they erode the valley from abrasion making it wider and deeper, forming U shaped valleys. in the UK they have become less steep and deep as a result of weathering and slope processes.

63
Q

What rivers flow in woking? Which drainage basin are they part of?

A

River Wey. Drainage basin starts from Haslemere to Weybridge. Confluences with the Thames.

64
Q

What are the three main types of rock/geology? Describe their main characteristics.

A

Igneous- made from magma that has cooled, oldest rocks, upland, hard, eg. granite
Sedimentary- layers of sediment are compacted together until they become solid rock ( e.g. clay, chalk, limestone), lowland
Metamorphic- when igneous or sedimentary rock are compressed by heat or pressure, more hard and compact(e.g. shale into slate), upland

65
Q

What are three things that affect the UK’s landscape?

A

Geology, glaciation and tectonics

66
Q

Compare the north and west of the UK with the south and east in terms of their geology.

A

The north and west is mainly igneous and metamorphic rocks. This forms upland landscapes (highland Britain).
The south and east is mainly sedimentary rocks. These rocks are characteristic of lowland landscapes (lowland Britain).

67
Q

Lowland areas of Britain like the SE have scarp and vale landscapes. Explain what a scarp and vale landscape is.

A

It is caused by rain dislodging soil particles. steep scarps stick out as they are made of hard rock and softer clays form Vales which are the valleys between two scarps. There is a dip slope behind.

68
Q

What is marble?

A

Metamorphic. Formed from heated limestone, very resistant.

69
Q

What is chalk like?

A

Sedimentary. It is strong and permeable (water moves through it). A younger form of limestone.

70
Q

What season are we most likely to get destructive waves in?

A

Winter

71
Q

Describe sea wall and its pros and cons

A

concrete wall which prevents erosion, pros: very effective, not damaged easily, prevents erosion. Cons: expensive, not attractive, creates a strong backwash which erodes under the sea wall

72
Q

What is a CBA and how is it calculated?

A

It is a cost benefit analysis and takes into consideration of the value of the land and how much there is to lose so they can work out how much to spend. It is calculated by dividing the value of property by the cost of defences.

73
Q

What is a waterfall? Where do they form on a rivers profile? Explain their formation.

A

Upper course. They form where a river flows over an area of hard rock followed by an area of soft rock. The softer rock is eroded (by hydraulic action and abrasion) more than the hard rock, creating undercutting. The softer rock continues to be eroded and the harder rock is then undercut forming an overhang. As erosion continues it causes the overhang to collapse and form a plunge pool with the sediment which had fallen continuing to erode the plunge pool more. The waterfall then retreats upstream leaving a steep-sided gorge.

74
Q

How is climate change increasing flood risk?

A

Increasing frequency of storms- more periods of heavy, intense rainfall increasing antecedent conditions.
Increasing period of hot, dry weather- bakes the soil so when it rains the water runs off the surface
Increasing periods of extreme cold- freezes the soil so water cant soak in.

75
Q

Describe soft engineering strategy: beach replenishment and its pros and cons.

A

Beach replenishment
where sand is pumped onto an existing beach to build it up pros: larger beaches appeal to tourists, sand reduces wave energy. Cons: expensive, needs to be constantly replaced

76
Q

How can humans affect the coast? Describe how the following activities can affect the coast: Development, Industry, Agriculture, coastal management, tourism.

A

Development- the weight of buildings increases cliff vulnerability, raises interest in protecting coastal landscapes so more coastal defences, positive direct effect
Industry- gravel has been extracted from beaches for construction industry which increases erosion due to less protection, coastal quarries expose large areas of rock
Agriculture- it has a low economic value so often left unprotected so more erosion, clearing vegetation means it is more vulnerable to weathering like wind and rain
Coastal management- can increase erosion further along the coastline and later sediment movement which reduces the amount of protection; helps reduce risk of coastal flooding and retreating
Tourism- increased pollution, increased revenue benefits locals, increased desire to protect and preserve landscape so tourism continues

77
Q

Describe gabions and its pros and cons

A

rocks in cages placed in areas of erosion, pros: cheap, absorbs wave energy. Cons: not very strong, looks unnatural

78
Q

What is through flow?

A

Flow of water through soil

79
Q

Which places in the UK are most vulnerable to sea level rise and storm surges?

A

The east coast towards King’s Lynn is most vulnerable with areas around it such as London also at risk. There is also a risk north west of England towards Liverpool. These areas all have low-lying coastlines.

80
Q

Describe the main threats of post glacial rebound for the coastal environment.

A

Erosion may increase meaning that beaches could disappear, spits could be destroyed, erosion may increase adding to coastal retreat and the risk of cliff collapse.

81
Q

What are deltas? Where do they form on a rivers profile? Explain their formation.

A

Lower course. It is a fan shaped landform created at the mouth of a river. The speed of a river decreases as it approaches the sea. As the velocity decreases it loses its energy and deposits its load. As the sediment builds up over time it builds an almost flat area of land called a delta. As the water travels slowly along the almost flat gradient, its channel fills up with sediment and splits into lots of smaller rivers called distributaries because the channel gets blocked.

82
Q

What is basalt like?

A

Igneous. Formed from lavas rich in metals. Dark and heavy, very resistant.

83
Q

Explain the significance of location in terms of geology, the natural processes occurring, how humans have influenced it and how it is changing as a result for Christchurch Bay.

A

Significance of location: Suffers from destructive waves, bad rock surface (permeable gravel on top and clay on bottom) causes slumping
What natural processes occur: cliff slumping, erosion, affected by groynes in Bournemouth
How have humans influenced it: expensive homes on cliff edge, revetments and groynes being put into place
How is it changing as a result: islands and bays soon to be formed, less material being deposited due to defences

84
Q

What are the 4 types of transportation that occur in a river?

A

Saltation- small pebbles bounce along the river bed
Suspension- small sediment suspended in the water and are carried along in the flow.
Traction- large boulders roll along the river bed
Solution- dissolved sediment carried by the water, although they cannot be seen.

85
Q

Explain what the conflicting views are on how to manage coastlines. Give some examples form Barton on Sea.

A

Some are willing to spend the money on coastal management however some aren’t. Coastal environmentalists believe we shouldn’t install alot as it’ll get destroyed as we can’t control the ocean’s behaviour. However residents want to protect their homes so the value of their house doesn’t drop, they are economically concerned.

86
Q

Explain how biological weather affects cliffs.

A

Caused by plants and animals speeding up the mechanical or chemical weathering. For example, tree roots widening gaps in rocks.

87
Q

What is the drainage basin?

A

the area of land that is drained by a river and its tributaries

88
Q

Explain the process of longshore drift and how it can affect a beach.

A

When waves approach the coast at 45 degrees due to the direction of the prevailing winds and go back at 90 degrees due to gravity. The swash carries sand and gravel up the beach and the backwash carries sand and gravel back down and carries on in a zigzag motion.

89
Q

What are middle course rivers like?

A

Rivers become wider, deeper and flatter. This means there is less friction so efficiency and velocity increases. More suspension and solution due to higher erosion levels so more sediment.

90
Q

What weathering processes occur in these lowland landscapes?

A

Chemical weathering and biological weathering.

91
Q

What is a flashy hydrograph?

A

Tall and steep looking. Short lag time, peak discharge high, more likely to cause flooding. Factors to cause: heavy rainfall, shallow river, steep

92
Q

Explain how climate will lead to rising sea levels in the UK?

A

Due to global warming, ice caps are melting causing a thermal expansion of the oceans.

93
Q

How can climate affect transportation of sediment (load) in a river. 


A

If there is heavy rainfall then the river will be more efficient and will have more energy. This means that they will carry more material than if it were in dry conditions.

94
Q

Explain how freeze thaw weathering can affect upland landscapes in the UK like the Lake District.

A

If water freezes in cracks the cracks will get bigger. Over time the crack widens and pieces of rock fall off. This is dangerous.

95
Q

What is clay like?

A

Sedimentary. Formed from muds deposited by rivers or at sea. Soft and crumbly, impermeable, Weak, very easily eroded

96
Q

What is percolation?

A

Water moving into rock

97
Q

When do pebbly beaches form and when do sandy beaches form?

A

Pebbly beaches are usually found where cliffs are being eroded and where waves are powerful.

98
Q

What is infiltration?

A

Water moving into soil

99
Q

How does the prevailing wind influence the wave type in the UK?

A

They come from the south west and means that the swash comes in at a 45 degree angle and produces destructive waves. Sediment travels from west to east, i.e. longshore drift.

100
Q

Explain 2 hard engineering strategies.

A

Flood wall- effective barrier for housing and increases channel capacity however its expensive and blocks the view of the river.
Embankments- stops water from spreading into housing areas, made with natural materials so blends in however it may burst causing widespread flooding.

101
Q

What are the 4 types of erosion that occur in a river?

A

Attrition- when rocks bump together and wear down into smaller rocks.
Abrasion- material carried by the river rub on the seabed and grind down (sand paper effect)
Solution- rock minerals dissolve in river water
Hydraulic Action- force of the water hitting the rocks

102
Q

What is slate like?

A

Metamorphic. Formed from clay. Very resistant.

103
Q

What is ground water flow?

A

Flow of water through rocks

104
Q

How can geology influence erosion in a river?

A

If the river is made from weaker rock such as sedimentary rock.

105
Q

What is a misfit stream and how was it created?

A

They are found in U shaped valleys and do not erode the valley as they are either too large or too small. They are formed when glaciers melt.

106
Q

What are constructive waves like?

A

low energy, created in calm weather, deposit material, low in height, less powerful

107
Q

How has human processes: agriculture, impacted our landscape?

A

Agriculture-lead to patchwork patterns of fields, trees cut down for farming, hedgerows form wildlife corridors,increases soil erosion pros: more income, supports rare species, cons: damages habitats

108
Q

Explain how freeze thaw (mechanical weathering) affects cliffs (leading to rock falls).

A

When water enters cracks in rocks and freezes, he crack expands. Over time the crack widens and pieces of rock fall off.

109
Q

What are the two types of sub aerial processes?

A

Weathering (mechanical, biological, chemical) and mass movement (slumping and sliding)

110
Q

What influences sub aerial processes?

A

Weather rather than the sea, (e.g. acid rain and freeze thaw) If it is colder there will be more freeze thaw and heavy rainfall will cause more slumping.

111
Q

Explain how slope processes can affect upland areas in the UK

A

Landslides, soil creep, mudslides

112
Q

Explain what factors have increased the risk of flooding in woking.

A

Urbanisation- one of the most urbanized counties in the UK, increased need of housing, surfaces are impermeable
Deforestation- 15 year plan to get rid of 100 acres of woodland, all water now goes to hoe stream
Jet stream moving- brings low pressure weather systems, in 2014 it moved southwards leading to hoe stream being flooded

113
Q

Which areas of the UK are more exposed to destructive waves?

A

Areas of coastline with headlands and often found on pebbly beaches. Holderness coastline in the north east of England is known for the large amounts of erosion. The south is said to be the first to be hit by destructive waves.

114
Q

Explain how sliding happens.

A

When loosened rocks and soil suddenly tumble down the slope.

115
Q

What is deposition? Why does it occur? RIVERS

A

This is where sediment is left on sides of rivers due to a change in velocity or direction. Deposition often occurs when there is a bend in a river and because the river slows down at a bend, material will be deposited on the inside part of the bend.
The 4 reasons why rivers slow down and deposit material:
- volume of water in the river falls
- the amount of eroded material in the water increases
- water is shallower (inside of a bend)
- river reaches its mouth

116
Q

What is the coast?

A

Where the sea meets the land

117
Q

What slope processes occur in lowland landscapes?

A

They are slower than in the Lake District. They experience more mass movement and soil creep.

118
Q

What is stem flow?

A

Water flowing down plants to the ground

119
Q

What is the tees exe line?

A

Separation between upland (Lake District) and lowland (the Weald) areas

120
Q

What is a relief map?

A

Shows upland and lowland

121
Q

What are corries?

A

Scoops in the mountain due to glaciation

122
Q

What are aretes?

A

Ridges in a mountain

123
Q

What are waves?

A

Friction of wind on the surface of the sea

124
Q

What are concordant coastlines?

A

Rock strata are parallel to coastline, development of coves, the alternating bands of hard and soft rock are parallel to coast.

125
Q

What are discordant coastlines?

A

coastline made up of alternating bands of hard and soft rock that are at right angles to the coast, headlands and bays formed

126
Q

what are 3 ways that the UK’s landscape has been influence day past tectonic processes?

A

1) active volcanoes- they force magma through the earth’s crust which cooled to form igneous rocks
2) plate collisions- caused the rocks to be folded and uplifted, forming mountain ranges, many of which remain as upland areas, eg. the lake district
3) plate movement- plate movements means that hundreds of millions of years ago Britain was in the tropics and higher sea levels meant it was partly underwater which meant that carboniferous limestone formed in the warm shallow seas

127
Q

2 physical processes that can shape the landscape

A

1) Weathering- Through biological weathering plants will grow within the cracks of the rock and pushes them apart. This means that the rock is more likely to fall as it is less supported.
2) erosion- gradual breaking down of rocks. During the last glacial period, the ice eroded the valleys creating u shaped valleys. Rivers and the sea are constantly eroding the landscape.

128
Q

what is arable farming?

A

flat land with good soil perfect for growing crops eg. east England

129
Q

how has the human process of forestry affected our UK landscape?

A

Forestry-woodland reduced significantly, no longer natural (plantations), coniferous forests planted for timber, then stripped bare for timber, some reforestation happening

Pros: ancient trees providing diverse range of habitats, timber harvested is sustainable. cons: removal of woodland threatens ancient trees, hazel coppices not managed becoming overgrown

130
Q

how has the human process of settlements affected our UK landscape?

A

Settlements- placed where the landscape offered particular advantages like water supply and place easily sheltered from wind and rain, changing rivers through embankments, diverted rivers through underground channels. pros: river meander loops offer good defensive locations, springs gave people reliable freshwater, sustainable resources. cons: residents damage nature, will cause deforestation

131
Q

what are three human processes that affect the UK’s landscape?

A

agriculture, forestry, settlements

132
Q

what is mechanical weathering?

A

the breakdown of rock without changing its chemical composition. the main type is salt weathering.

1) seawater gets into cracks in the rock
2) when the water evaporates, slat crystals form. as the salt crystals form they expand, which puts pressure on the rock
3) repeated evaporation of the saltwater and the forming of salt crystals widens the rocks and causes the rock to break up

133
Q

what is chemical weathering?

A

the breakdown of rock by changing its chemical composition. Carbonation weathering is a type of chemical weathering.

1) seawater and rainwater carbon dioxide dissolved in them, which makes them weak carbonic acids.
2) carbonic acid reacts with rock that contains calcium carbonate, eg. carboniferous limestone, so the rocks are dissolved by rainwater

134
Q

what is mass movement?

A

the shifting of rocks and loose material down a slope, eg. a cliff. It happens when the force of gravity acting on a slope is greater than the force supporting it. They’re more likely to happen when the material is full of water. the three types of mass movement are: landslides, slumps and rock falls

135
Q

how has the UK’s climate contributed to coastal erosion?

A

1) the high frequency of storms in some areas of the UK, especially in winter. The strong winds create high energy, destructive waves which increase erosion on the cliffs.
2) intense rainfall that we receive the cliffs will become saturated. This will make mass movement like slumping more likely.

136
Q

Explain 2 factors that lead to a fast rate of coastal retreat

A

1) increased amount of storms happening and their frequency due to global warming. This means that there will be more destructive waves which will cause material to be removed from the coast.
2) the different types of rock that are formed along the coast. If it is formed of sand (sedimentary rock) then it is more likely to experience coastal retreat than if it was on metamorphic rock.

137
Q

explain one way constructive waves shape the coastline of the UK

A

Due to the waves strong swash and weak backwash it leads to the build up of deposition . The strong swash will carry sediment up but the weak backwash means that it doesn’t have the energy to bring it back down again. The depositing of sand and shingle along the coast forms beaches.

138
Q

what do wave cut platforms look like on a map?

A

bumpy edges along the coast

139
Q

what do cliffs look like on a map?

A

little black lines

140
Q

how will rising sea levels affect the coast?

A
  • higher tides that would flood coastal areas more frequently
  • higher tides will remove larger amounts of material from beaches, increasing erosion due to less protection
  • could expose more areas of coastline to erosion, beaches become narrower as the sea will be able to move further inland
141
Q

how will storm frequency affect the coast?

A
  • climate change is causing storms to become more frequent
  • storms give the sea more erosional power, hard rock becomes more vulnerable and soft rock will erode quicker
  • sea will have more energy to transport material, some areas being starved from material, more erosion and more flooding
  • storm surges become more frequent
142
Q

what are threats to the people of sea level rise and in creased frequency of storms?

A
  • low-lying coastal areas inhabitable as they could be permanently flooded
  • coastal industries may shut down because of damage to equipment, eg. fishing boats destroyed
  • risk of damage to infrastructure like roads and rail networks
  • less tourists, businesses rely on tourism, may close
143
Q

what are threats to the environment of sea level rise and frequency of storms?

A
  • ecosystems will be affected because seawater has a high slat content, when flooding it can damage or kill organisms in an ecosystem and can also affect agriculture and reduce soil fertility
  • the force of floodwater can uproot trees and plants, drown trees and plants
  • some conservation areas are threatened by coastal erosion.
144
Q

what is strategic realignment and what are the pros and cons

A

removing an existing defence and allowing the land behind it to flood

pros: over time the land will become a marshland- creating new habitats, flooding and erosion reduced behind the marshland
cons: some may disagree as to what is allowed to flood, eg. flooding farmland affects farmer’s life

145
Q

what is a way to make management strategies sustainable?

A

Integrate coastal zone management (ICZM)
is an approach to protect the coast while taking everyones interests into account, makes it easier to find solutions that everyone would agree on.a long-term approach so it can be adapted to any future needs and changes along the coastline, making it sustainable.

146
Q

what is vertical erosion?

A

downwards erosion that deepens the river valley making it v-shaped, dominant in the upper course of a river, high turbulence leads to rough particles to be scraped along the river bed, causing intense downwards erosion

147
Q

what is lateral erosion?

A

this widens the river valley and channel during the formation of meanders, erosion outward, dominant in the middle and lower course of rivers

148
Q

how does weathering influence rivers?

A

weathering breaks down rocks on the valley sides. freeze thaw weathering is a type of mechanical weathering.
water gets into rock that has cracks and when it freezes it expands, which puts pressure on the rock. when the water thaws it contacts which releases pressure on the rock. repeated freezing and thawing widnes the cracks and causes it to break up

149
Q

what is a floodplain?

A

the wide valley floor on either side of a rivet which occasionally gets flooded. when a river floods onto it, the water slows down and deposits the eroded material which builds up the floodplain (makes it higher). the deposition that happens on the slip-off slopes of meanders also builds up floodplains.

150
Q

how does geology influence rivers?

A
  • landscapes with more resistant rocks tend to have steeper valley sides. landscapes with less resistant rocks have gentle sloping valley sides.
  • waterfalls form where there is a layer of hard rock on top of softer rock
  • interlocking spurs force where softer rock is eroded first, leaving areas of harder rock sticking out
151
Q

how does climate influence rivers?

A
  • rivers in wetter climates have higher discharge as theres more water entering the river channel, leads to more erosion, more material to the river’s load
  • transportation increases when theres a higher discharge because the water has more energy to carry material
  • if it is a colder area, freeze-thaw weathering
152
Q

what are the 5 physical factors that affect lag time, discharge and the shape off a hydrograph?

A
  • geology (water can’t infiltrate in impermeable rocks)
  • soil type (more impermeable soils (clays) can’t absorb as much water
  • slope (steeper the slope, less infiltration)
  • drainage basin type (narrower basin, water from far edge of basin takes long time to reach main channel)
  • antecedent conditions (previously wet weather makes ground impermeable so can’t infiltrate)
153
Q

what are the 2 human factors that affect lag time, discharge and the shape off a hydrograph?

A

Urbanisation- water can infiltrate in impermeable surfaces (roads) so more run off
Deforestation- increases run off as less infiltration, more water in rivers, increases discharge

154
Q

what are two ways of hard engineering for river management

A

flood walls- artificial walls built along river banks

pros: effective, hold back more water
cons: expensive, block the view

flood barrier (demountable)- temporary protection against flooding

pros: way of emergency protection, don’t spoil the look of attractive locations
cons: always a risk that they’re not put up in time, expensive

155
Q

what are two ways of soft engineering for river management

A

flood plain retention- maintaining the floodplain by not building on it

pros: saves money, effective to store water
cons: restricts development, can’t be used in urban areas

river restoration- making the river more natural by removing for example man-made levees, river flows more naturally

pros: left in natural state, little maintenance
cons: increases flood risk

156
Q

explain the location of the river wey

A
  • SE England, county of Surrey
  • drainage basin starts form haslemere to weybridge
  • river why confluences with the river thames
  • travels north east
  • suffered terrible floods in January 2014
157
Q

what are the 4 causes for flooding on the river way

A

urbanisation
global climate change
jet stream moving
deforestation

158
Q

explain urbanisation as a cause for the 2014 floods on the river wey

A
  • quicker surface run off, less infiltration
  • one of the most urbanised counties in the UK
  • increased need for housing
159
Q

explain global climate change as a cause for the 2014 floods on the river wey

A
  • changing weather patterns
  • short concentrated times with high rainfall
  • extreme rainfall events to be more frequent
160
Q

explain the jet stream moving as a cause for the 2014 floods on the river wey

A
  • brings more low pressure weather systems
  • in winter 2014, the jet stream was further south flooding the Hoe stream
  • antecedent conditions, heavy rain
161
Q

explain deforestation as a cause for the 2014 floods on the river wey

A
  • trees slows down the course for river and vegetation intercepts (all of this lost)
  • urbanisation
  • 15 year plan to remove 100,000 acres of woodland
  • water now all goes into the hoe stream leading to flooding
162
Q

What does long profile mean?

A

A long profile shows changes in the height of the course of a river from its source to its mouth. Many rivers have a concave long profile.