Unit 1 Flashcards by Gabriel Zeigler

Bacillus refers to what shape?

Rod

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Coccus refers to what shape?

Round

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Curved Rod

Vibro

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Short Rod

Coccobacillus

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Spiral Shape

Spirillum

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Long, loose helical spiral

Spirochete

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A pair of two cocci

Diplococci

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Grouping of four cells arranged in a square

Tetrad

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Chain of cocci

Streptococcus

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Cluster of cocci

Staphylococcus

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Chain of rods

Streptobacillicus

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While gram-positive bacteria are more susceptible to ________________, gram-negative bacteria are more susceptible to _______________.

Select one:
A.disinfectants; lysozyme
B.penicillin; complement
C. complement; disinfectants
D.lysozyme; penicillin
E.heat; penicillin

B.penicillin; complement

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In fermentation, the terminal electron acceptor is _______________ to recycle ________ to _________.
a.organic metabolite; NADH; NAD+
b. organic metabolite; ADP; ATP
c.NADH; ATP; ADP
d.organic metabolite; NAD+; NADH
e.organic metabolite; ATP; ADP

a.organic metabolite; NADH; NAD+

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Which of the following is always a consequence of and can be measured (indicated) as evidence of fermentation?
A. pH increase
B. Bubbling
C. Formation of a black precipitate
D. pH drop

D. pH drop

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Fungi: Prokaryote or Eukaryote

Eukaryote

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Bacteria-Prokaryote or Eukaryote?

Prokaryote

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Viruses-Prokaryote or Eukaryote

Neither

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Protozoa-Prokaryote or Eukaryote

Eukaryote

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Which of the following are fundamental structures found in all prokaryotic cells: 1.cell wall, 2. cytoplasmic membrane, 3. chromosome(s), 4. flagellum or flagella, 5. cytoplasm

2,3 and 5

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Which strucutes are not stainable, but are made visible through negative stains?
A. Inclusion bodies
B. Mycolic acids
C. Flagella
D. Capsules

D. Capsules

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Prokayotes include:

Bacteria

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Eukaryotes involved in disease include:

Helminths (worms), Protozoa and Fungi

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Etiologic Agents of Infectious Diseases are separated into

Cellular and Acellular

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Examples of acellular agents of infectious disease

Viruses, viroids, and prions

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Ribosomes of Prokaryotes

70S

Ribosomes of Eukaryotes

80S

Chromosome Shape: Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

-Circular (Prokaryote) -Linear (Eukaryote)

Prokaryotes contain a nucleus (T/F)

False, they contain a nucleoid

Endospores are contained in ___________ bacteria

gram-positive

What colors do gram positive and negative turn under the gram stain technique?

-Gram positive (Purple) -Gram negative (Pink)

A gram negative bacterial cell wall contains a thin layer of _____________

peptidoglycan

Functions of the bacterial cell wall

Protect from harsh conditions and osmotic pressure

More susceptible to penicillin

Gram positive

More susceptible to lysozyme

Gram positive

More susceptible to lysis by complement

Gram negative

More sensitive to heat and disinfectants

Gram negative

Endotoxin

Gram negative

Exotoxin

Gram positive

Contains teichoic acid

Gram-positive

Functions of glycocalyx

-Hold Water -Cell biofilm

Purpose of flagella

Movement of bacterial cells

one flagella

monotrichous

flagella with hair on either side

amphitricous

flagella with hair all around cell

peritrichous

flagella with all the hair at one end

lophotrichous

Which are there more of, flagella or fimbriae

fimbriae

Function of fimbriae

Biofilm formation

Hollow tubes made of protein

Pili

How many pili are there per cell

1-2

Pili are ______ than fimbriae and ________ than flagella

Longer, shorter

Function of pili

Transfer of DNA between cells

O2 required: Aerobic Respiration or Fermentation?

Aerobic Respiration

Phosphorylation of Aerobic Respiration

Oxidative

Phosphorylation of Fermentation

Substrate-Level

Final e- acceptor of Aerobic Respiration

Final e- Acceptor of Fermentation

Organic metabolite

ATP/Glucose (Aerobic Respiration or Fermentation)

-Aerobic Respiration: Lots (30-32)/Fermentation (Few: 2)

Gelatin-like polysaccharide from marine algae

Agar

Organism growing in absence of oxygen

Anaerobe

Device that stabilizes under pressure with stream

Autoclave

Sum of all degradative reactions

Catabolism

Enzyme that detoxifies hydrogen peroxide

Catalase

Enzyme that activates fibrinogen

Coagulase

Visible growth of a clone on an agar plate

Colony

Catabolic process under anaerobic conditions

Fermentation

Organism that thrives in low oxygen environments

Microaerophile

Use of heat to destroy pathogens and reduce number of spoilage microoragnism in foods and beverages

Pasteurization

Cell wall polysaccharide requiring nitrogen

Peptidoglycan

Which of the following is NOT a target of antimicrobial methods? A. Cell Wall B. Cell Membrane C. Nucleic Acids D. Capsule

D. Capsule

Sterilizing, using moist heat at elevated pressure, which keeps water liquid is called ____________. A. Boiling B. Pasteurizing C. Autoclaving D. Sanitization

C. Autoclaving

Among etiologic agents of disease, bacterial endospores are some of the most difficult to kill forms of life

True

Which form of radiation is recommended to keep surfaces sterile? A. Gamma Rays B. UV Radiation C. X-Rays D. Ionizing Radiation

B. UV Radiation

Chemicals needed for microbial growth

-Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur, Phosphorus

Affects of low temperaures on physical growth

Fragile and Rigid

Result of high temperatures on physical growth

Too fluid

Can multiply in a refridgerator

Psychophiles

Inanimate objects that may harbor microbes and aid in their transmission

Fomite

Removal of potential pathogens from fomites

Disinfection

Removal of potential pathogens from living tissues

Antisepsis

Removal of pathogens from objects to meet public health standards

Sanitization

Use of heat to destroy pathogens and reduce number of spoilage mechanisms in foods and beverages

Pastuerization

Destrcution of all microorganisms and viruses in or on an object

Sterilization

High energy, sterilized was can’t be autocalved

X-Ray, Y-Ray

Agar Plates innoculated with bacteria for confluent growth

Disk diffusion method

Fermentation is a process that allows for ATP production under anaerobic conditions by a) Transferring electrons from NADH to a metabolite, in order to provides NAD+ for catabolism b) Generating acidic conditions, under which ATP synthesis is enhanced c) Transferring protons from NADH to a metabolite, in order to provide NAD+ for catabolism d) Generating CO2 which activates ATP synthases

a) Transferring electrons from NADH to a metabolite, in order to provides NAD+ for catabolism

Which of the following is NOT a difference between eukaryotic & prokaryotic genomes? a) Mostly diploid - Always Haploid b) In nucleus - In cytosol c) Double-stranded - single-stranded d) Chromosome linear - chromosome circular

b) In nucleus - In cytosol

Fermentation of a specific carbon source is apparent when a) There is a decrease in pH, made visible with a color change due to the presence of an indicator b) Colonies grow on high salt agar plates c) There is clumping occurring in the coagulase test d) There is an increase in pH, made visible with a color change due to the presence of an indicator e) There is no catalase activity (H2O2 > H2 +O2)

a) There is a decrease in pH, made visible with a color change due to the presence of an indicator

Why does nitrogen often become the growth limiting factor? a) Because ammonia contributes to the physiological pH conditions in the cytoplasm b) Because nitrate is an important regulatory factor in bacterial cells c) Because bacteria uses N2 as an oxidizing agent instead of O2 d) Because in ionic form it contributes to the correct osmotic pressure within e) Because the demand for the biosynthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, and peptidoglycan

e) Because the demand for the biosynthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, and peptidoglycan

Which of the following is not a target of antibiotic action? a) Ribosomes b) Capsule c) Cell Membrane d) Cell Wall

b) Capsule

______________ is found in gram negative & gram positive bacteria a) Lipopolysaccharide b) Peptidoglycan c) Teichoic acid d) Spore formation

b) Peptidoglycan

Which of the following are known to survive autoclaving, an otherwise very effective method of microbial control a) Gram-negative bacteria b) Endospores c) Gram-positive bacteria d) Fungi

b) Endospores

Standard methods of sterilization in clinical setting are not effective in inactivating a) Viruses b) Bacteria c) Fungi d) Prions

d) Prions

Spherical bacteria arranged in clusters are also called ____________ a) Streptobacilli b) Tetrads c) Staphylococci d) Streptococci e) Diplococci

c) Staphylococci

The etiologic agent of meningitis is a _____________ a) Virus b) Fungus c) Bacterium d) Can be any of the above

c) Bacterium

Capsules are virulence factors because they: a) Elicit a strong immune response b) Act as toxins c) Function as lytic enzymes d) Distinguish the bacterium from the immune system

d) Distinguish the bacterium from the immune system

Which best describes Streptococci with respect to oxygen & growth? a) Obligate aerobes b) Facultative anaerobes c) Obligate anaerobes d) Microaerophiles e) Aerotolerant organisms

b) Facultative anaerobes

Microbial capsules (sometimes called glycocalyces) consist typically of ______________ a) Lipopolysaccharides b) Lipids c) Peptidoglycan d) Nucleic Acids e) Carbohydrates

a) Lipopolysaccharides

One metabolic test used to identify bacteria involves citrate as the sole carbon source. A positive test result will show microbial growth and a __________ a) Production of CO2 b) Formation of indole c) AdropinpH d) A pH increase

d) A pH increase

Most pathogenic bacteria are ____________ a) Mesophiles b) Thermophiles c) Psychrophiles d) Alkaliphiles e) Acidophiles

a) Mesophiles

Which of the following is affected by penicillin a) DNA replication b) Peptidoglycan synthesis c) Ribosome function d) Lipopolysaccharide synthesis e) Cell membrane structure

b) Peptidoglycan synthesis

Endotoxins are exclusively originating from ____________ a) Bacteria that do not have flagella b) Gram-negative bacteria c) Gram-positive bacteria d) Bacteria that have a capsule

b) Gram-negative bacteria

Which of the following is found in any type of cellular etiologic agent of disease? a) Cell wall b) Nucleus c) Flagella d) Mitochondria e) Ribosomes

e) Ribosomes

The negative stain is used to highlight the presence or absence of _________ a) Volutin (poly-P inclusion) b) Capsules c) Endospores d) Flagella e) Lipopolysaccharids

b) Capsules

Where do the following structures aid in biofilm formation? a) Glycocalyx and pili b) Peptidoglycan and fimbriae c) Peptidoglycan and pili d) Fimbriae and glycocalyx e) Fimbriae and pili

d) Fimbriae and glycocalyx

Mycolic acids (wax-like substances) are found in which of the following types of bacteria? a) Endospore-forming bacteria b) Gram-negative bacteria c) Gram-positive bacteria d) Acid-fast bacteria

d) Acid-fast bacteria

Which is the correct size order (smallest to largest)? A. non-enveloped virus-enveloped virus-bacterium-protozoan-pinworm B. Non-enveloped virus-protozoan-enveloped virus-bacterium-pinworm C. Protozoan-non-enveloped virus-enveloped cirus-bacterium-pinworm D.Bacterium-non-enveloped virus-enveloped virus-protozoan-pinworm E.Pinworm-bacterium-non-enveloped vrius-enveloped virus-protozoa

A. non-enveloped virus-enveloped virus-bacterium-protozoan-pinworm

Which is the correct description for ‘vibro’ A. Rod B. Short Rod C. Sphere D. Curved Rod E. Spiral

D. Curved Rod

Which of the following is NOT a difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes? Eukaryotic genome-Prokaryotic genome A. mostly diploid-always haploid B. In nucleus-in cytosol C. Double-stranded-Single-stranded D. Chromosome linear-Chromosome circular

C. Double-stranded-Single-stranded

The sum of all degradative reactions in an organism is called ____________ A. Oxidative phosphorylation B. Anabolism C. Metabolism D. Aerobic cellular respiration E. Catabolism

E. Catabolism

Agar plates inoculated with samples from throat swabs for the purpose of testing, where the burning of a candle in a closed jar uses up most of the oxygen. This condition following terms best describes Streptococci with respect to oxygen and growth? A. Obligate anaerobes B. Facultative anaerobes C. Obligate anaerobes D. Microaerophiles E. Aerotolerant organisms

B. Facultative anaerobes

Match the method used to measure microbial growth with the correct category? _Direct Method _Indirect Method A. Viable Plate Count B. Spectophtotmetry

A. Direct Mthod B. Indirect Method

From the following definitions/descriptions, match the correct one with each term (1-3) A. Removal of potential pathodens from fomites B. Removal of pathogens from objects to meet public health standards C. Use of heat to destroy pathogens and reduce number of spoilage microorganisms in foods and beverages D. Destruction of all microorganisms and viruses in or on an object E. Removal of potential pathogens from living tissue -Pasteurization -Disinfection -Antisepsis

C. Pasteurization A. Disinfection E. Antisepsis