Unit 1

Question 0

What is a tumour?

Answer 0

A tumour is cancer cells which divide uncontrollably to produce a mass number of abnormal cells.

Question 1

What are stem cells?

Answer 1

Stem cells are unspecialised cells that can reproduce themselves by repeated mitosis and can differentiate into specialised cells when required to do so.

Question 2

How do secondary tumours develop?

Answer 2

A secondary tumour develops when cancer cells break away from the primary tumour and travel through the blood stream to another part of the body and become fixed.

Question 3

What are the two components which make up the back bone of DNA?

Answer 3

Deoxyribose and phosphate

Question 4

What are fragments of DNA joined together by?

Answer 4

DNA Ligase

Question 5

What are chromosomes found in the nucleus of a cell packaged with?

Answer 5

Proteins.

Question 6

Name the technique that biologist use to a amplify a specific segment of DNA with?

Answer 6

Polymerase chain reaction

Question 7

What are the two coenzymes?

Answer 7

NAD & FAD

Question 8

Describe the role of dehydrogenase enzymes in respiration.

Answer 8

Dehydrogenase are enzymes which catalyse the removal of hydrogen atoms from reduced NADH in the electron transport chain

Question 9

Explain the function of tRNA in protein synthesis.

Answer 9

tRNA carries the appropriate amino acids to the ribosomes during the process of protein synthesis.

Question 10

What are the products of the electron transport chain?

Answer 10

Water and ATP

Question 11

Name an insoluble polysaccharide.

Answer 11

Glycogen

Question 12

What are lysosomes abundant in?

Answer 12

Phagocytic cells

Question 13

What acts an a co-enzyme?

Answer 13

Vitamins

Question 14

What do competitive inhibitors do?

Answer 14

Competitive inhibitors have the same structure and similarities to the substrate therefore they compete with the substrate for the active site and then bind to the active site blocking it from the substrate

Question 15

What do non-competitive inhibitors do?

Answer 15

Bind to the non active site of the enzyme (allosteric) and change the shape of the enzyme preventing the substrate from binding to the active site

Question 16

Name the stage in aerobic respiration which produces the most ATP?

Answer 16

Electron transport chain.

Question 17

Name a co-enzyme found in respiration?

Answer 17

FAD

Question 18

What are slow twitch muscle fibres good for?

Answer 18

Long distance running because they have more mitochondria and greater blood supply.

Question 19

Name step 1 of DNA replication

Answer 19

Original DNA double helix unwinds

Question 20

Name step 2 of DNA replication

Answer 20

DNA strands unzip and the hydrogen bonds break

Question 21

Name step 3 of DNA replication

Answer 21

Free DNA nucleotides bond with complementary nucleotides on the original DNA strand

Question 22

Name step 4 of DNA replication

Answer 22

Strong chemical bonds between individual nucleotides form and sugar-phosphate back bones in the new strands

Question 23

Name step 5 of DNA replication

Answer 23

Double strands twist and two new DNA double helixes are formed

Question 24

Where does transcription occur?

Answer 24

In the nucleus

Question 25

What is DNA turned into under the action of RNA Polymerase during transcription

Answer 25

mRNA

Question 26

Where does translation occur?

Answer 26

In the ribosomes which are situated in the cytoplasm

Question 27

What is mRNA turned into during translation

Answer 27

Proteins

Question 28

What is duplication

Answer 28

When a set of genes is repeated which can have a detrimental effect on the organism I.e cancer

Question 29

What is frame shift

Answer 29

Where if a base pair has been deleted or inserted this effects every subsequent codon and amino acid all along the remaining length of the gene

Question 30

What do bioinformatics do?

Answer 30

Use computers to identify DNA sequences