Unit 1: Carbohydrates

Question 1

what do organic molecules contain?

Answer 1

Carbon

Question 2

Give an example of a monomer

Answer 2

glucose

Question 3

Give an example of a polymer

Answer 3

starch, cellulose, glycogen

Question 4

What is the combination of two small molecules to form a large molecule called?

Answer 4

Dehydration synthesis reaction or condensation reaction

Question 5

In what reaction do large molecules break down to form small molecules?

Answer 5

Hydrolysis reaction

Question 6

what elements make up carbohydrates?

Answer 6

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Question 7

what are carbohydrates?

Answer 7

molecules that function as energy sources or structural components of cells

Question 8

what is glucose chemical formula

Answer 8

C6H12O6

Question 9

Excess glucose is stored as what and where?

Answer 9

glycogen in the liver and muscle tissue

Question 10

what are optical isomers

Answer 10

molecules that are structurally identical but are mirror images of each other

Question 11

which form of glucose do enzymes recognise?

Answer 11

D-glucose

Question 12

what is the ring structure of glucose known as?

Answer 12

pyranose ring

Question 13

how do you known which ring is alpha Dglucose and beta Dglucose?

Answer 13

If the hydroxyl group attached to C1 of the ring is above the plane then the resulting ring is known as the beta form.
If the hydroxyl group attached to the C1 of the ring is below the plane, the resulting ring is known as the alpha form.

Question 14

what bonds does amylose have and what are they made up of?

Answer 14

glucose and a(1,4) glycosidic bonds

Question 15

what structure does amylose have?

Answer 15

straight chain

Question 16

How is cellulose formed?

Answer 16

dehydration reaction between beta glucose molecules

Question 17

top tip, ABBA, what does it stand for?

Answer 17

Alpha Below Beta Above

Question 18

what is an alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond?

Answer 18

condensation reaction between Oh group of C1 and OH group of C4 forming an alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond.

Question 19

two monomers joined together is called?

Answer 19

a disaccharide

Question 20

what are homopolymers and heteropolymers?

Answer 20

homopolymers have the same constituent molecules

heteropolymers have different constituent molecules

Question 21

starch glycogen and cellulose are what in water

Answer 21

insoluble

Question 22

what is starch?

Answer 22

is a storage compound in plants

Question 23

what is starch made up of?

Answer 23

alpha glucose monomers

Question 24

what is amylopectin made up of and what bonds does it have?

Answer 24

glucose, alpha 1,4 on long chain and alpha 1,6 on branched chain

Question 25

what is glycogen?

Answer 25

storage glucose in animals

Question 26

what is glycogen composed of and what bonding does it have?

Answer 26

Dglucose and alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds

Question 27

what structure is glycogen?

Answer 27

highly branched structure

Question 28

what type of structure is more rapidly synthesised and hydrolysed?

Answer 28

branched

Question 29

why do organisms build storage carbohydrates?

Answer 29

a high concentration of glucose tends to draw water into a cell by osmosis leading to problems for the cell. huge starch and glycogen molecules are insoluble, they do not affect osmosis and osmotic problems are avoided.

Question 30

how is cellulose formed?

Answer 30

dehydration reaction between beta glucose molecules

Question 31

what breaks down cellulose

Answer 31

cellulase

Question 32

what is cellulose made up of?

Answer 32

beta Dglucose and joined by beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds

Question 33

what is the structure of cellulose

Answer 33

head and tail structure and have hydrogen bonds between parallel chains

Question 34

how can starch, glycogen and cellulose be distinguished from one another?

Answer 34

with iodine. starch - deep blue
glycogen - dark brown
cellulose - no stain
all due to way iodine gets trapped in polysaccharide

Question 35

what are the two forms of starch?

Answer 35

amylose and amylopectin

Question 36

40 cellulose chains make up what?

Answer 36

a fibril that are arranged in layers to make up the cell wall