Unit 1 Exam Questions

Question 1

Paula is a football player. She has completed a pre-season training plan resulting in long-term adaptations to her cardiovascular and energy systems.

Analyse how long-term adaptations of Paula’s cardiovascular and energy systems affect her football performance.

8 marks

Answer 1

Cardiovascular system adaptations

Cardiac hypertrophy will make the heart stronger, which will result in an increased stroke volume
Increase in stroke volume will cause an increase in cardiac output, thus supplying more oxygen to the working muscles
Increased blood volume generates an increased blood flow to the muscles
More oxygenated blood to muscles and reduced lactic acid build up in muscles
Supports the removal of carbon dioxide and lactic acid/waste products out of the blood stream
Increased capilliarisation of skeletal muscle and alveoli resulting in an increased delivery of oxygen
Decreased heart rate recovery time, to enable Paula to produce high intensity movements repeatedly.

Energy system adaptations

Increased creatine stores, providing more energy and supporting recovery from high intensity runs around the pitch
Increased tolerance to lactate will enable the player to keep moving quickly around the pitch once they are fatigued
Increased use of fats as an energy source, so that glycogen can be used later in the game and Paula will last the duration
Increased storage of glycogen to provide energy for ATP production
Increased number of mitochondria will increase
the amount of ATP production to support an increased
demand for energy
More efficient energy systems
Accept any relevant football applied points,
e.g. last the full game delaying fatigue/delays OBLA, be able to work at a high intensity throughout, maintain quality of performance

Question 2

Penny is a gymnast. When she is doing her beam routine she uses different types of muscular contraction.

Describe a concentric contraction and give an example of when it would be used on the beam.

2 marks

Answer 2

Muscle length decreases (under tension) (1) when performing a tuck jump (1)

Accept any other appropriate answer.

Question 3

Shantel is a goalkeeper in a football team. Her long and short bone types help her to perform successfully in a match.

Explain how long and short bones help Shantel when goalkeeping in a match.

4 marks

Answer 3

Long bones enable movement to take place (1) to enable Shantel to move across the goal to make a save (1)

Short bones absorb the shock/weight bearing (1) reducing the risk of injuries when saving a shot/allows her to push up off the ground to get back up after a save (1)

Accept any other appropriate answer.

Question 4

Describe the role of the bicuspid valve in the cardiac cycle.

2 marks

Answer 4

Controls the flow of blood (1) from the left atrium/ or to the left ventricle (1)

Prevents backflow of blood (1) from the left ventricle/ or to the left atrium (1)

Question 5

Describe an eccentric contraction.

1 mark

Answer 5

Muscle length increases under tension (1)

Do not accept muscle relaxes.

Accept any other appropriate answer.

Question 6

Jose cycles 60 miles per week, as part of his training. His stroke volume will increase because of this training.

Analyse how an increased stroke volume will help to improve the long-term quality of Jose’s cycling performance.

6 marks

Answer 6

 Increased stroke volume is dependent on venous return (Starling’s Law)
 Increased venous return (VR) causes stretch of atrial
wall
 Due to increased blood volume
 Excitation of sino-atrial (SA) node which increases heart rate
 Stretch of ventricle walls/more forceful contraction of heart or ventricle walls
 Increased stroke volume will increase cardiac output
(Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate / Q = SV x HR)
 More or faster blood or oxygen pumped to the working muscles, therefore increases performance
 Increased performance -aerobic respiration can work for longer / increases the time or intensity for exercise or respiration / more aerobic respiration takes place
 Delays fatigue allowing him to work at a higher intensity for a longer duration
 Reduced build up or faster removal of lactic acid or carbon dioxide

Question 7

Frances is a 100 m sprinter. She uses weights as part of her training schedule.

Explain the role of a fixator muscle during a weight training exercise.

3 marks

Answer 7

Fixators contract isometrically (1) by stabilising the (origin) of the agonist/muscle (1) they help support the agonist to carry out the function by stopping unwanted movement/carry out the movement (1) which enables the weight to be lifted (1) and stops the weight from crashing down causing injury (1)

Question 8

Marcos is a marathon runner.

Explain the role of Marcos’s internal and external intercostal muscles during inspiration and expiration.

4 marks

Answer 8

Two marks are awarded for inspiration and two marks awarded for expiration

Inspiration
External intercostals contract and internal intercostals relax (1) to lift the ribs/thoracic
cavity up and out (1)

Expiration
External intercostals relax and internal intercostals contract (1) to pull the ribs/thoracic cavity down and in (1)

Question 9

Describe the function of capillaries.

2 marks

Answer 9

Connect arteries and veins/arterioles and
venules(1) they provide site for gas exchange (1)

Question 10

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a by-product of respiration.

Describe how carbon dioxide (CO2) is transported in the blood.

2 marks

Answer 10

 dissolved in water / as carbonic acid (H2CO3) (1)
 combined with haemoglobin / as carbaminohaemoglobin (HbCO2) (1)
 dissolved in plasma (1)

Question 11

Freddie is an open water swimmer. His heart rate before, during and after a 10-minute training swim is below:

Before the swim: 60-80 bpm
During the swim: 80-150 bpm
After the swim: 150-60 bpm

Explain the changes to Freddie’s heart rate before the swim.

2 marks

Answer 11

There is an anticipatory rise (1) caused by adrenaline (1)

Question 12

Sonia performs press-ups as part of her pre-season muscular training programme.

Analyse the antagonistic muscular contractions used to perform both the upward and downward phase of the press-up.

6 marks

Answer 12

Upward Phase
 Pectoralis major (shoulder) is the agonist
 Tricep (elbow) is the agonist
 The agonists concentrically contract
 Trapezius/rhomboids and bicep are the antagonists
 The trapezius and rhomboids and bicep contract eccentrically
 Synergists support the agonist in the movement
 Deltoids are the synergists
 Deltoids concentrically contract
 Fixators prevent any unwanted movement
 Abdominals, obliques and quadriceps are the fixator muscles
 They are contracting isometrically

Downward Phase
 Pectoralis major (shoulder) is the agonist
 Tricep (elbow) is the agonist
 The agonists eccentrically contract
 Trapezius/rhomboids and bicep are the antagonists
 The trapezius and rhomboids and bicep contract concentrically
 Deltoids are the synergists and are contracting eccentrically
 Abdominals, obliques and quadriceps are the fixator muscles
 They are contracting isometrically

Question 13

Explain why the articular cartilage in the knee is important when performing a long jump

3 marks

Answer 13

Articular cartilage absorbs the shock (1) due to the impact/load of the run up/take- off/landing (1) to prevent injury (1)

Question 14

State the component of blood that carries most oxygen.

1 mark

Answer 14

Red blood cells/rbc/haemoglobin

Question 15

Evaluate the importance of the ATP-PC energy system for elite marathon runners in a race.

6 marks

(Evaluate means looking at why it might be considered important and why it might not be considered important)

Answer 15

Why ATP-PC system might not be considered important

• ATP-PC energy system is used for high intensity work, marathon is low/medium intensity exercise
• ATP-PC energy system used for working over a short duration, (e.g.)100 m. Marathon is a long duration/elite performers complete it in just over 2 hours
• ATP-PC energy system is typically used by power athletes, marathon runners are endurance athletes
• ATP-PC energy system would not be able to provide enough energy therefore the aerobic energy system would be used during the activity

Why ATP-PC system might be considered important

• To be able to change pace when breaking away from the
  field
• To perform a sprint finish if it is required/overtake somebody
• To support the partial regeneration of PC stores
• Marathon runner will not focus solely on training their anaerobic energy pathways, therefore they will not be as efficient as that of an power athlete

Question 16

Freddie is an open water swimmer. His heart rate before, during and after a 10-minute training swim is below:

Before: 60-80 bpm
During: 80-150 bpm
After: 150-60 bpm

Explain the changes to Freddie’s heart rate during the swim.

3 marks

Answer 16

During

There is a rapid/quick/fast increase in heart rate in the first three minutes (1) due to a shortage of oxygen/oxygen deficit (1) the heart rate then plateaus/steady state (1) because oxygen supply has met demand (1)

Question 17

Identify the regions in the vertebral column.

5 marks

Answer 17

Cervical - 7 bones
Thoracic - 12 bones
Lumbar - 5 bones
Sacrum - 5 bones
Coccyx - 3-5 bones

Question 18

When Nancy is playing a netball match, her lung volumes change.

Analyse the changes to Nancy’s lung volumes and the impact this will have on her netball performance.

6 marks

Answer 18

Lung Volumes changes and effects
* Her tidal volume will also increase, meaning that she will be breathing deeper
* Minute ventilation/pulmonary ventilation will increase
* Respiratory rate x tidal volume = minute ventilation
* Her inspiratory reserve volume/IRV will decrease meaning that more oxygen can reach the alveoli
* Due to this Nancy’s expiratory reserve volume/ERV will decrease meaning that she can breathe out more carbon dioxide
* residual volume/vital capacity/total lung volume do not change

• More oxygen/air taken in, so more oxygen will go to the working muscles/remove more waste products
• To prevent the build up lactic acid/sustain aerobic energy production

Impact on performance
* So that she can work at a higher intensity for longer e.g. can maintain movement around the court/dodging.
* The delay of fatigue will come later in the game, (e.g.) so that Nancy can maintain intensity of performance in the 4th quarter.

Question 19

A bursa is a fluid filled sac in most synovial joints.

Explain the function of a bursa.

3 marks

Answer 19

Provides a cushion between bones and tendons/ muscles (1) which helps reduce friction (1) and allows for free movement (1) as well as reducing the risk of injury (1)

Question 20

Clarissa is a time trial cyclist. She has to cycle 25 miles as quickly as she can.

Describe how the ATP-PC system re-synthesizes ATP during Clarissa’s ride.

5 marks

Answer 20

 It is a coupled reaction (1) that takes place in the sarcoplasm (1)
 The fuel used is phosphocreatine (PC) (1)
 PC breaks down into creatine and phosphate with energy (1) using the enzyme creatine kinase (1)
 1 ATP is resynthesised per 1 molecule of PC (1)
 ADP + P = ATP (1)

Question 21

State the meaning of the term ‘blood pressure’.

1 mark

Answer 21

Force exerted by the blood on the vessel walls

Question 22

Identify which role is being described in the following:

A. A muscle that is responsible for the movement taking place, the ‘prime mover’.

B. A muscle or group of muscles that work with the active muscle to generate movement.

C. The muscle that relaxes to allow the movement to happen.

D. The muscle that acts as a stabiliser to stop any unwanted movement of the joint.

4 marks

Answer 22

A – Agonist (1)
B – Synergist (1)
C – Antagonist (1)
D – Fixator (1)

Question 23

State the meaning of the term ‘residual volume’.

2 marks

Answer 23

The amount of air that is left in the lungs (1) after fully exhaling (1)

Do not accept oxygen.

Question 24

During the vault Penny will use mainly type IIx muscle fibres. Explain why type IIx muscle fibres are used during the vault.

2 marks

Answer 24

Contract with a lot of force (1) to propel her higher/up (1)

Contract quickly (1) to get a good speed on the run up (1)

Question 25

Describe an isometric contraction and give an example of when it would be used on the beam. 2 marks

Answer 25

Muscle length stays the same (under tension) /no movement (1) when performing a balance/handstand (1) Accept any other appropriate answer.

Question 26

Rhea is a hockey player. Due to her training regime her aerobic system has adapted. One of these adaptations is that Rhea can now use fats as an energy source quicker. Explain two other adaptations that have taken place within Rhea’s aerobic energy system and the impact they have on her performance. 4 marks

Answer 26

* Increased storage of glycogen (1) enabling Rhea to keep running at a high intensity in the latter stages of the game/be able to still attack and defend late in the game/delays fatigue (1) * Increased number of mitochondria (1) increases the ability to produce more energy/more aerobic energy production and last the duration of the game (1)

Question 27

Describe the process of the Krebs cycle 5 marks

Answer 27

Must be in logical order. Occurs in (the matrix) of the mitochondria (1) pyruvate combines with CoA (1) to create Acetyl CoA (1) Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid/OAA (1) to make citric acid (1) and the by-product is carbon dioxide/CO2 (1) H+ is produced (1) and passes onto the electron transport chain/ETC (1) the reaction yields 2 ATP (1) Accept annotated diagram/flow chart.

Question 28

Complete the following for the ATP-PC System and Aerobic System: Chemical Source/Fuel: Amount of ATP produced: 4 marks

Answer 28

ATP-PC system Chemical source/fuel: Phosphocreatine/PC/creatine phosphate/CP (1) ATP produced: 1(ATP) (1) Aerobic system Chemical source/fuel: fats/fatty acids/triglycerides (1) ATP produced: 36-39 (ATP) (1)

Question 29

There are a number of short-term responses in Frances’s muscular system during these weight training sessions for power. One of these short-term responses is an increased muscle pliability. Explain why there is an increased muscle pliability and explain how this affects Frances. 3 marks

Answer 29

Muscles will increase their pliability due to the increased temperature (1) therefore the muscle has a greater ability to stretch (1) and reduce the risk of injury (1)

Question 30

The skeletal system has a number of types of bone. Two of these types are long and short bones. State two other types of bone found in the skeletal system. 2 marks

Answer 30

Flat (1) Sesamoid (1) Irregular (1)

Question 31

Explain how carbon dioxide (CO2) is removed from the body. 5 marks

Answer 31

 CO2 diffuses from the muscle to the blood (1)  CO2 is transported to the heart via the vena cava/veins/venules (1)  The Pulmonary Artery transports CO2 to the lungs (1)  Gases diffuse from high partial pressure or concentration to low partial pressure or concentration (1) causing a diffusion or concentration gradient (1)  CO2 diffuses/gaseous exchange from the blood to the alveoli where it is breathed out (1)

Question 32

Name the bones in the hand. 3 marks

Answer 32

Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges

Question 33

State the function of the pulmonary artery. 1 mark

Answer 33

Take deoxygenated/oxygen poor blood (from the heart) to the lungs

Question 34

Describe the process of bone growth. 4 marks

Answer 34

Bones start as cartilage/hardens through ossification (1) osteoblasts form new bone (1) osteoclasts absorb debris/break down the old bone (1) and epiphyseal plates/growth plates are the site of bone growth/seal off once bone is fully developed (1)

Question 35

Give a typical value of pulmonary ventilation (VE) for a performer at rest. 1 mark

Answer 35

(Must have units to be awarded the mark)  6-9 L/min (1)

Question 36

Describe how the ATP-PC system resynthesises ATP. 4 marks

Answer 36

* Phosphocreatine/PC/CP is broken down/split (1) * By creatine kinase (1) * To release energy/coupled reaction (1) * Provides a phosphate to join with ADP (1) * To create 1 ATP (1)

Question 37

What is the recovery time for each energy system: A - ATP-PC B - Lactate C - Aerobic 3 marks

Answer 37

A – 10 seconds - 4 minutes B – 3 minutes – 2 hours C – 2 hours – 48 hours

Question 38

Identify the bone type for each bone below: Vertebrae Femur Carpals Ribs Patella 4 Marks

Answer 38

Irregular Long Short Flat Sesamoid

Question 39

The warm-up is a fundamental part of a team’s preparation that takes place before a game. Dave is a rugby coach and his team warm up before every game. In their warm-up they do some light jogging, dynamic stretching and more intense drills. Analyse the response of the muscular and cardiovascular systems to the warm-up. 8 marks

Answer 39

Muscular System  Reduces risk of injury muscle strains/pulls/tears increased elasticity of muscle tissue  Increased flexibility  Extensibility of muscle  Increases temperature of muscle  Decreases muscle viscosity  Increases speed and strength of contraction  Increases enzyme/metabolic activity  Increases ATP production  Increases activation of neural pathways Cardiovascular System  Increases heart rate/ stroke volume/ cardiac output  More oxygenated blood to muscles  Reduced lactic acid build up in muscles  Increased removal of carbon dioxide and waste products out of the blood stream  Activates vascular shunt mechanism  Vasomotor control centre (VCC)/Medulla Oblangata  Redistributes blood from non-essential organs to the working muscles  Vasodilation of arterioles leading to the working muscle  Vasoconstriction of arterioles leading to the non- essential organs  Therefore, more oxygen can be supplied to sustain energy production during the activity  Increases blood temperature  Reduces blood viscosity  Increases diffusion of oxygen from haemoglobin to muscles  Steeper diffusion gradient causes increased diffusion rate of oxygen into the blood stream.  Increases venous return  Skeletal Muscle pump squeezes veins forcing blood back towards the heart  Respiratory pump contraction of respiratory muscles forces blood back to the heart  Starling’s law of the heart/increased venous return increases stroke volume

Question 40

State the blood vessel that transports oxygenated blood from the left ventricle. 1 mark

Answer 40

Aorta

Question 41

Give the residual volume, including units, for an average, healthy, adult male. 1 mark

Answer 41

1.0-1.5 L / 1000-1500 cm3/ ml (1)

Question 42

One of the long-term adaptations that has occurred in Farzana’s respiratory system following her training programme is an increase in her vital capacity. Explain how increasing vital capacity will help Farzana’s performance in a 10,000 m race

Answer 42

Due to the increased strength of the respiratory muscles (1) more air (carbon dioxide) can be expelled from the lungs (1) and more air (oxygen) can be inspired (1) to allow performance to be at a higher intensity/speed (1) without/delaying fatigue (1)

Question 43

State the part of the blood that fights infections. 1 mark

Answer 43

White blood cells

Question 44

Sonia is a footballer playing in a cup final. The final has gone into extra time and she develops cramp in her leg. Explain how cramp will affect Sonia’s performance. 4 marks

Answer 44

Cramp is an involuntary sustained skeletal muscular contraction/spasm (1) which prevents muscle movement (1) which occurs due to dehydration/a lack of electrolytes/salt (1) and this prevents the footballer from running/kicking the ball (1)

Question 45

Rhea will also rely on her anaerobic energy systems during a hockey match. Analyse the role of the anaerobic energy systems in making sure that Rhea is successful in the hockey match. 6 marks

Answer 45

ATP-PC * It fuels activity lasting up to 10 seconds * Used for explosive power/high intensity activity * Phosphocreatine/PC/CP breaks down to release energy, which is transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP * So Rhea will be able to sprint for a tackle and down the pitch * So Rhea will be able to generate power in her hits * Recovery time is 1:10/10sec-4 mins, so Rhea will run out of energy if she continues to work at this intensity Lactate * It fuels activity lasting 10 seconds – 3 minutes, when the ATP-PC system can no longer do it * It fuels medium/high intensity activity * Glucose/glycogen/ carbohydrates is broken down to release/yield ATP/energy * Used when doing long sprints (e.g.) a recovery run from a counterattack after sprinting up the pitch * Recovery time is 3mins-2 hours, so Rhea will have to transfer to the aerobic system if she continues to work at this intensity General information * Anaerobic means that it does not require oxygen to produce energy * ATP-PC and lactate systems * Anaerobic activity is high intensity for a short duration

Question 46

Gas exchange occurs so that Marcos’s body receives oxygen from the air he breathes in. Explain the process of gaseous exchange of oxygen at the alveoli during a marathon. 4 marks

Answer 46

ppO2 (Partial Pressure of Oxygen) /concentration/levels of oxygen in the alveoli is high (1) PP02 (Partial Pressure of Oxygen) /concentration/levels of oxygen in the blood is low (1) This creates a steeper diffusion gradient/oxygen diffuses quicker (1) oxygen moves from the alveoli into the blood (1)

Question 47

Tristan is a long-distance runner. One response that occurs during a training run is that his muscles become more pliable. Explain why increased muscle pliability will benefit Tristan when running. 2 marks

Answer 47

Increase the amount that his muscles can stretch/make him more flexible (1) increase his stride/reduce the risk of injuries (1)

Question 48

As part of his preparation to run the marathon Marcos completed a six-month endurance training programme. Assess the adaptations to Marcos’s respiratory system at the end of his six-month endurance training programme. 6 marks

Answer 48

 Maximal breathing rate increases; this enables more air to move in and out of the lungs allowing for a more efficient gas exchange  Increased lung capacity; therefore allowing a greater quantity of air to move in and out.  Increased tidal volume; the amount of air breathed in and out per breath  Increased pulmonary ventilation (VĖ); the amount of air breathed in and out in a minute  Increased strength of the respiratory muscles allows them to breathe in more air and withstand fatigue for longer  Greater capillarisation enables more blood to flow in and out of the lungs to provide a greater surface area for haemoglobin to bind with the blood  Increased number of alveoli enables more gas exchange to occur  Steeper diffusion gradient created which enables more oxygen to be used in the tissue and the body gas exchange becomes more efficient

Question 49

Alex is an endurance athlete who is starting altitude training. Explain the negative effects on Alex’s respiratory system when starting training at altitude. 4 marks

Answer 49

Air is at a lower pressure/less oxygen in air (1) which causes hypoxia/body (1) the respiratory system works harder by increasing breathing rate/shortness of breath (1) this can result in lower capacity to train/reduced performance fatigue quicker/altitude sickness (1)

Question 50

Describe two adaptations of the respiratory system to exercise. 4 marks

Answer 50

Increased vital capacity (1) which provides an increased supply of oxygen to the working muscles (1) Increased strength of respiratory muscles (1) will make it easier to take deeper breaths/expand chest cavity more (1) Increase in oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion rates (1) be able to exercise at a higher intensity for longer (1)

Question 51

Heidi is a boxer who has been cut on her eyebrow. One of the many functions of the cardiovascular system is to clot blood. Describe how blood is clotted. 3 marks

Answer 51

Platelets (1) stimulate fibrin (1) form a plug/stick together (1) (white/red) blood cells attach to the clot/prevents further blood loss (from the wound) (1)

Question 52

Sunita is a rugby player. She has completed a pre-season training plan resulting in long-term adaptations to her cardiovascular and energy systems. Analyse how the adaptations to Sunita’s cardiovascular and energy systems will impact on her rugby performance. 8 marks

Answer 52

Cardiovascular system * Sunita’s cardiovascular system will have adapted through cardiac hypertrophy * This increases stroke volume and reduces the need for the heart to beat so many times thus slowing the cardiac cycle * This will give Sunita a giving her greater heart rate range to utilise when playing rugby * Giving her a greater maximal cardiac output * Sunita will also have an increased blood volume * Meaning more oxygen is transported to her muscles * Decreased heart rate recovery time, so that she can continue playing * Capilliarisation around the skeletal muscle and alveoli and in the muscles will increase the efficiency of gaseous exchange Energy system * Sunita will have increased creatine store providing her with more energy and supporting recovery from high intensity runs around the pitch * She will have increased tolerance to lactate, which will enable her to keep moving around the pitch and delaying fatigue * Increased use of fats as an energy source, so that glycogen can be used later in the game and Sunita will last the duration * Increased storage of glycogen to provide energy for ATP production * Increased number of mitochondria will increase the amount of ATP production to support an increased demand for energy * More efficient energy systems Application to performance * e.g. Maintain ability to continue to make tackles * e.g. Recover from a run down the wing quicker * e.g. Make more repeated sprints to chase the ball * Accept any relevant rugby applied points, e.g. last the full game delaying fatigue/delays OBLA, be able to work at a high intensity throughout, maintain quality of performance

Question 53

State the type of synovial joint that allows the head to rotate. 1 mark

Answer 53

Pivot

Question 54

Two functions of the cardiovascular system are to fight infection and clot blood. Analyse the three other functions of the cardiovascular system and how they impact on Robin’s badminton performance. 6 marks

Answer 54

Functions of the cardiovascular system * Delivering oxygen and nutrients, to be transported to Robin’s working muscles * Enables an increase in aerobic energy production * Removing waste products – carbon dioxide and lactate from the tissue to avoid build up at the muscle * Thermoregulation occurs due to vasodilation of blood vessels near to the skin * Which carries blood nearer to the skin’s surface, so that excess heat can be lost. This ensures that Robin does not overheat during the game Impact on Performance * Meaning he can work at higher intensity for longer * Fatigue will occur later * (e.g) he can still run around the court within the game

Question 55

Robin is a badminton player. Over time Robin’s cardiovascular system has adapted. One of these adaptations is an increase in exercising stroke volume. Explain how an increase in exercising stroke volume has an impact on Robin’s badminton performance. 4 marks

Answer 55

Stroke volume/SV is the amount of blood pumped from the heart per beat (1) therefore more oxygen is delivered to the working muscle (1) therefore enabling Robin to play at a higher intensity for a longer duration (1) and delay the onset of fatigue/recovery quicker between points (1)

Question 56

Describe the all or none law of muscle contraction. 2 marks

Answer 56

For a motor unit to contract (1) it must receive an impulse/signal (1) all muscle fibres must contract/none of the muscles fibres contract (1)

Question 57

Efi has been playing rugby for 5 years. Efi’s skeletal system has adapted during those 5 years. Explain two long-term adaptations to Efi’s skeletal system from playing rugby 4 marks

Answer 57

Increased bone strength/increased bone density (1) due to the contact/impact when tackling (1) Increased ligament strength (1) due to acting upon a resistance/participating in the scrum (1)

Question 58

State the joint movements happening in the elbow of a gymnast when holding a handstand 1 mark

Answer 58

Extension

Question 59

The aerobic energy system can be broken down into three processes. State each of the three aerobic energy system processes in the order they occur. 3 marks

Answer 59

1 – Aerobic glycolysis (1) 2 – Krebs cycle/citric acid cycle(1) 3 – Electron transport chain/ETC (1)

Question 60

Alastair bowls in cricket. The synovial joint of the shoulder allows him to complete the bowling action. Analyse how the structure of Alastair’s shoulder joint allows him to complete the bowling action. 6 marks

Answer 60

Ball and Socket enables a wide range of movement when bowling. The movement that occurs is circumduction, which is flexion/extension/abduction and adduction Humerus and scapula are the articulating bones Ligaments that connect the articulating bones together provide stability, however the shoulder is unstable and therefore it is susceptible to dislocations Articular cartilage, found on the ends of bones, stops bones rubbing together and acts as a shock absorber Bursa, that are little fluid filled sacs, prevent friction to enable the shoulder to move freely when bowling Joint capsule holds the synovial fluid in place Synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid Synovial fluid keeps the joints lubricated and allows the cricketer to complete the bowling action

Question 61

State the function of the tricuspid valve. 2 marks

Answer 61

Control blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle/controls blood flow on the right-hand side of the heart (1) and prevent backflow (1)

Question 62

Name each lung volume below: A. The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration. B. The maximum amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs after maximum inhalation. C. The volume of air passing in or out of the lungs in 60 seconds. D. The volume of air in the lungs after maximal inhalation. E. The amount of air breathed in or out during a normal breath. 5 marks

Answer 62

A – Residual volume/RV (1) B – Vital capacity/VC (1) C – Minute ventilation/minute volume/VE/Pulmonary ventilation (1) D – Total lung capacity/TLC/Total lung volume (1) E – Tidal volume/TV (1)

Question 63

Damian has been a competitive 800m swimmer for 10 years. Over this time, both his respiratory and muscular systems have adapted. Analyse how the adaptations to Damian’s respiratory and muscular systems affect his swimming performance in the 800m. 8 marks

Answer 63

Respiratory system adaptations * Increased vital capacity, which will enable an increased and more efficient supply of oxygen to his working muscles * Increased strength of the respiratory muscles * The diaphragm and intercostal muscles increase in strength, allowing for greater expansion of the chest cavity * Therefore it is easier for him to take deeper breaths * Increased oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion rates, allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse more rapidly * Thus supplying more oxygen to the working muscles and removing carbon dioxide quicker Muscular system adaptations * Muscular hypertrophy increasing his ability to generate more force/power * Increase in tendon strength, increasing his ability to generate more force/power * Increase in the size/number of mitochondria, which results in the muscles being able to produce more aerobic energy * Increase in myoglobin stores, therefore, more oxygenated blood can be transferred to the mitochondria and energy production will be increased * Increased storage of glycogen * Increased storage of fat * To use as an energy source to fuel him during the swim, when carbohydrates are low/intensity is low * Increased tolerance to lactate * Due to an extended capillary network, which enables greater volumes of blood to enter the muscle, more oxygen is available to break down lactic acid. Impact on performance * (e.g) Helps propel the body forward in the water * (e.g) Performance will be improved and fatigue will be delayed * (e.g) Therefore he will be able to swim at a higher intensity for longer duration * (e.g) Maintain technique * (e.g) Change pace in the race/swim a faster time * Accept any relevant swimming applied points,

Question 64

Nancy is a netball player. During a match Nancy needs to remove waste products from her body. One way this is supported is through chemical control of breathing. Explain how chemical control of breathing helps Nancy to remove waste products from her working muscles. 4 marks

Answer 64

Chemoreceptors (1) detect increased levels of carbon dioxide/lower pH (1) (send messages) to the medulla oblongata (1) therefore this speeds up/increases breathing rate (to remove carbon dioxide) (1)

Question 65

State the joint movements happening in the shoulder of a cricket player when bowling overarm 1 mark

Answer 65

Circumduction

Question 66

Damian has been a competitive 800m swimmer for 10 years. Over this time, both his respiratory and muscular systems have adapted. Analyse how the adaptations to Damian’s respiratory and muscular systems affect his swimming performance in the 800m. 8 marks

Answer 66

Respiratory system adaptations * Increased vital capacity, which will enable an increased and more efficient supply of oxygen to his working muscles * Increased strength of the respiratory muscles * The diaphragm and intercostal muscles increase in strength, allowing for greater expansion of the chest cavity * Therefore it is easier for him to take deeper breaths * Increased oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion rates, allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse more rapidly * Thus supplying more oxygen to the working muscles and removing carbon dioxide quicker Muscular system adaptations * Muscular hypertrophy increasing his ability to generate more force/power * Increase in tendon strength, increasing his ability to generate more force/power * Increase in the size/number of mitochondria, which results in the muscles being able to produce more aerobic energy * Increase in myoglobin stores, therefore, more oxygenated blood can be transferred to the mitochondria and energy production will be increased * Increased storage of glycogen * Increased storage of fat * To use as an energy source to fuel him during the swim, when carbohydrates are low/intensity is low * Increased tolerance to lactate * Due to an extended capillary network, which enables greater volumes of blood to enter the muscle, more oxygen is available to break down lactic acid. Impact on performance * (e.g) Helps propel the body forward in the water * (e.g) Performance will be improved and fatigue will be delayed * (e.g) Therefore he will be able to swim at a higher intensity for longer duration * (e.g) Maintain technique * (e.g) Change pace in the race/swim a faster time * Accept any relevant swimming applied points.

Question 67

During the boxing match Heidi relies on her cardiovascular system to get her to the final rounds of the match. Analyse the flow of blood as it leaves the left ventricle and returns back to the lungs and how this helps Heidi last the whole boxing match. 6 marks

Answer 67

* Blood is pumped out of the left ventricle into the aorta * Blood then travels through arterioles to the capillary network of the muscles * Oxygen rich blood is delivered to the working muscle. * To continue to provide the energy for muscular contraction to throw punches. * Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through venules, veins and finally the vena cava * From this, blood enters the right atrium and passes through the tricuspid valve * Deoxygenated blood then enters the right ventricle and is pumped to the pulmonary artery * The blood is then pumped to the lungs * The quicker this occurs, therefore, thishelps Heidi to continue/withstand fatigue until the later rounds of the match

Question 68

Give a typical blood pressure value for someone suffering with hypertension. 1 mark

Answer 68

140/90 - 190/100 mmHg (Must have units to be awarded the mark)

Question 69

State the meaning of the term ‘pulmonary ventilation’ (VE). 1 mark

Answer 69

‘the total volume of gas/air inspired (breathed in) or expired (breathed out) per minute’ (1) Do not accept oxygen.

Question 70

Kirsty is a netball player who is going to start playing in a match. Analyse how the mechanisms of breathing for inspiration and expiration change from rest to exercise and the impact that this has on performance. 6 marks

Answer 70

Changes from rest to exercise (Inspiration) * External intercostals and diaphragm contract with greater force * Volume of thoracic cavity increases more than at rest * Pressure decreases less than at rest * More air comes into the lungs/greater tidal volume (Expiration) * (Passive process at rest) active process at exercise * (Internal) intercostals/abdominals contract * Volume of thoracic cavity decreases more than at rest * Pressure increases more than at rest * More air forced out of the lungs Impact on performance * More oxygen can be delivered to the working muscles/more carbon dioxide removed.

Question 71

Asthma is a condition that affects the respiratory system. Describe the condition asthma. 2 marks

Answer 71

Where the airways become restricted (1) making it harder to breathe/wheezing/coughing/ shortness of breath (1)

Question 72

Over a long period of time Tristan’s muscular system has adapted to the training programme, causing an increase in myoglobin stores. Explain the impact of an increase in myoglobin stores on Tristan’s performance in a 10,000m race. 3 marks

Answer 72

Enables him to store more oxygen in his muscles which will enable him to transport more oxygen to the mitochondria (1) have more energy/make more energy aerobically (1) and run a faster time/fatigue will set in later in the race (1)

Question 73

Jose fell of his bike two weeks ago and he cut his arms and legs. These cuts soon healed due to the clotting action of the blood. Describe the process of blood clotting. 5 marks

Answer 73

Platelets attach together to form a plug (blood clot)(1) the platelets then release fibrin (1) and seal the wound/ stop any further bleeding (1) the fibrin traps red blood cells (rbc)/ plasma/white blood cells (1) to repair the wound (1)

Question 74

Name three functions of the skeleton 3 marks

Answer 74

Supports the body Protects the organs Provides a surface for muscle attachment Weight bearing Mineral storage Leverage/movement Reduced friction across a joint Blood cell production

Question 75

Evaluate the effects of oxygen and fuel source availability to determine the energy system Clarissa uses in a race. 6 marks

Answer 75

Oxygen  If there is O2 available then the aerobic system would be predominantly used.  If there is no O2 available then the anaerobic energy system (ATP-PC / lactic acid) would be predominantly used.  If an activity is short duration (10 seconds)/high intensity then the predominant system is the ATP-PC  Aerobic threshold will occur if O2 levels fall below the requirements of the aerobic system then the lactic acid system will be predominant. Fuel Availability  If there are sufficient PC stores then the ATP-PC will be predominant for high intensity short duration (<10 seconds).  PC stores deplete quickly during very high intensity meaning the ATP-PC cannot be predominant after 10 seconds unless recovery to resynthesise.  If glycogen/carbohydrate is present and it is high intensity then the lactic acid system will be used.  If glycogen/carbohydrate is present and is low intensity then the aerobic system will be used.  The greater the glycogen stores then the longer the aerobic system can be predominant.  If intensity is low fats are the predominant fuel source for the aerobic system.

Question 76

Describe a concentric contraction. 2 marks

Answer 76

Increase of tension in the muscle (1) as it shortens in length (1)

Question 77

Skeletal muscle is one type of muscle tissue. State one other type of muscle tissue and its location in the body. 2 marks

Answer 77

(Must have correct type of muscle tissue to be awarded location) Smooth muscle (1) walls of Stomach/intestines/blood vessels (1) Cardiac muscle (1) myocardium/walls of the heart (1)

Question 78

Describe the role of the atrioventricular node (AVN). 2 marks

Answer 78

The AVN/atrioventricular node receives an impulse (from the SAN/sinoatrial node) (1) holds/delays the impulse (for depolarisation) (1) transfers the impulse to the bundle of His/purkinje fibres/ventricles (1)

Question 79

Freddie has just completed a long training session in cold water. His coach notices that Freddie has slurred speech and is confused. The coach thinks that Freddie might be suffering from hypothermia. Analyse the effects that hypothermia could have on Freddie’s cardiovascular system. 6 marks

Answer 79

Hypothermia is a reduced core body temperature/body temperature below 35 degrees Due to hypothermia there will be a vasoconstriction of blood vessels near to the skin and extremities (fingers and toes) To avoid or reduce further heat loss There will be a reduced blood flow to muscles, therefore less oxygen delivered Due to hypothermia there will be a vasodilation of blood vessels near to the vital organs To maintain core temperature (37 degrees) There will be an increased heart rate to try and get blood around the body There will be a rise in blood pressure to try and get the blood around the body (Severe) hypothermia can cause decreased blood pressure (Severe) can cause a decreased heart rate Which leads to cardiac arrhythmias Could result in a cardiac arrest/heart attack

Question 80

Describe how nervous control of the cardiac cycle decreases Freddie’s heart rate when the training swim has finished. 5 marks

Answer 80

Initiated by the parasympathetic nervous system (1) message sent down the vagus nerve (1) Which reduces the firing rate/number of impulses (1) of the sinoatrial node/SA node/SAN (1) Sending impulses to the atrioventricular node/AV node/AVN (1) To the bundle of His (1) and Purkinje fibres (1)

Question 81

State two functions of plasma. 2 marks

Answer 81

Transport nutrients/protein/water/salts(1) Transport waste products (1) Transport hormones (1) Help in regulating body temperature (1)

Question 82

Farzana is a 10,000 m runner. She is in the middle of her athletics season. She is competing in races and she is also doing her training programme. Explain two immediate respiratory responses for Farzana when she is competing in a 10,000 m race. 4 marks

Answer 82

Increased breathing rate/breathe quicker (1) due to a greater demand for oxygen in the race/ to remove waste products (1) Increased tidal volume/depth of breathing/more air (1) due to a greater demand for oxygen in the race/to remove waste products (1)

Question 83

Name the four parts of the nervous control system in the cardiac cycle. 4 marks

Answer 83

Sinoatrial Node/SAN Atrioventricular Node/AVN Bundle of His Purkinje Fibres

Question 84

Juan is a footballer. Assess how each of the three energy systems contribute to Juan’s football performance. 6 marks

Answer 84

* All three systems work together to provide the energy. ATP-PC system * System used for activity lasting 8–10 seconds * High intensity activities * Phosphocreatine stores are replenished quickly, so supported during breaks in the game * Sprinting around the pitch to make tackles/runs down the wing/ used when shooting/jumping for a header Lactate system * Provides energy for moderate to high intensity activity * Only lasts for 1–3 minutes * Will be used during long, intense phases of play that last longer than 10 seconds, such as a counter attack Aerobic system * Low to moderate intensity * Lasts longer than 1 minute * Works when intensity falls in the match (ball goes out of play) and helps the other energy systems/muscles recover * To supply the energy when the match is going into the last minutes of the game

Question 85

Analyse the gaseous exchange process that ensures Farzana sustains her performance throughout the 10,000 m race. 6 marks

Answer 85

O2/CO2 /gas moves from a high pressure/pp/Partial pressure/concentration to a low pressure/pp/Partial pressure/concentration During the race there is a high ppO2 in the alveoli There is a low ppO2 in the blood/capillary Due to more oxygen being used for aerobic respiration Causing a concentration/diffusion gradient O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the blood There is a low ppCO2 in the alveoli There is a high ppCO2 in the blood As a result of CO2 being produced as a by-product of aerobic respiration. Causing a concentration/diffusion gradient CO2 diffuses from the blood into the alveoli and is expired Steeper diffusion gradient is created during the race so the body’s gas exchange becomes more efficient

Question 86

When Penny is doing her floor routine the blood supply to her muscles increases. Explain the impact of an increased blood supply on Penny’s muscles. 3 marks

Answer 86

To provide more oxygen to the muscles (1) therefore more (aerobic) energy produced (1) enabling her to perform her routine and withstand fatigue/more carbon dioxide being removed from the muscle (1) Increase temperature of the muscles (1) therefore increasing pliability (1) enabling her to perform her routine with a greater range of movement (1)

Question 87

State the component of blood that carries most of Robin’s oxygen during the badminton match.

Answer 87

Red blood cells/rbc (1)

Question 88

One of the additional factors that can affect the skeletal system is arthritis. Explain how arthritis affects the skeletal system. 3 marks

Answer 88

Arthritis is when there is an inflammation (in the joint) (1) due to the breakdown/wearing away of cartilage (1) causing pain/stiffness/friction (1)

Question 89

Name the three bones that form the elbow joint. 3 marks

Answer 89

Humerus (1) Ulna (1) Radius (1)

Question 90

State three types of muscle contraction. 3 marks

Answer 90

* Concentric/isotonic (1) * Eccentric/isotonic (1) * Isometric (1)

Question 91

State the movement that occurs at a pivot joint 1 mark

Answer 91

Rotation

Question 92

Sonia follows a sustained exercise programme and her muscular system starts to show adaptations. One adaptation is an increase in her muscle myoglobin stores. Explain how an increase in myoglobin stores will benefit Sonia’s football performance. 4 marks

Answer 92

Myoglobin carries oxygen (1) therefore muscles increase their oxidative capacity (1) and can work at a higher intensity for a longer duration within the game (1) before fatiguing/fatigue would occur later in the game/be able to play until the end (1).

Question 93

Name the three bones that form the elbow joint. 3 marks

Answer 93

Humerus (1) Ulna (1) Radius (1)

Question 94

State the type of synovial joint that allows the head to rotate. 1 mark

Answer 94

Pivot

Question 95

The skeletal system has a number of types of bone. Two of these types are long and short bones. State two other types of bone found in the skeletal system. 2 marks

Answer 95

* Flat (1) * Sesamoid (1) * Irregular (1)

Question 96

Shantel is a goalkeeper in a football team. Her long and short bone types help her to perform successfully in a match. Explain how long and short bones help shantel when goalkeeping in a match. 4 marks

Answer 96

Long bones enable movement to take place (1) to enable Shantel to move across the goal to make a save (1) Short bones absorb the shock/weight bearing (1) reducing the risk of injuries when saving a shot/allows her to push up off the ground to get back up after a save (1)

Question 97

Explain how arthritis affects the skeletal system. 3 marks

Answer 97

Arthritis is when there is an inflammation (in the joint) (1) due to the breakdown/wearing away of cartilage (1) causing pain/stiffness/friction (1)

Question 98

State three types of muscle contraction 3 marks

Answer 98

* Concentric/isotonic (1) * Eccentric/isotonic (1) * Isometric (1)

Question 99

Describe the all or none law of muscle contraction 2 marks

Answer 99

For a motor unit to contract (1) it must receive an impulse/signal (1) all muscle fibres must contract/none of the muscles fibres contract (1)