Unit 1 Notes Flashcards by Ashtyn Cushing

History

The study and interpretation of the past

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Two sources

Primary and secondary

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Primary source

1st person account

ex: journal

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Secondary source

Someone else wrote it.

ex: textbook

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Historiography

The critical analysis of the existing body of historical work.

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Historiography questions

Who writes history?
What agenda in mind?
Towards what ends?
Who's perspective? 
Why do they look at it like that?

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Historical approach

Source: Who wrote it? When? Why?
Contextualize: What relevant circumstances need to be considered at the time this was written?
Close read: Analyze claims, evidence, rhetoric
Corroborate: Do accounts of the same event match?

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Prehistory

Time before writing. Periodization by technology.

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Paleontology

Study of fossils

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Anthropology

Study of culture

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Archeology

study of artifacts

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Geography

Study of physical features of the earth and its atmospheres

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What started agriculture

Tigris and euphrates rivers, scarce resources, few natural barriers

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Method of expansion

City-states emerge

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Urak

first city-state

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Sargon of Akkad

first person to build a standing army

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Artifacts

Tools and items that were used in the past

ex: plates, pots

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Five features of civilation

advanced cities
complex institutions
job specialization/social class
advanced technology
record keeping

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Government and society

Kings, nobles, priests ruled

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Ziggurat

political center, economic center

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Cuneiform

Persians used pictographs that represented tangible things. Kept records. They started mathematics. Numbers were based on units of 6, 10, and 60.

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epic poems

stories used to share a message

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hammurabi

King. United mesopotamias nations under Babylonian empire.

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Hammurabi’s code

first laws written down. Eye for an eye. Unifies expanding empire. Protects people from each other. 282 lawas

what is a pharaoh

God-like king at the top of the social class who was the focus of the state

Polytheism

the belief in multiple Gods. People existed to serve the Gods.

Monotheism

The belief in one God

Book of the dead

Egyptian book that guided people through the afterlife to heaven

Hieroglyphs

pictographs. Egyptian language

Raw

Sun God of Egypt. Main God.

Osiris

Lord of rebirth and the underworld. Dies every year and weighs people soul

Isis

Goddess of fertility. Mother of Horus, wife of Osiris

Set

Brother Osiris. God of desert and chaos

Horus

Lord of the sky and Civilization

Theocracy

When your religious leader is also your political leader

Ma'at

Truth, order and power. The Pharaoh's job is to keep Ma'at

Egyptian afterlife

Very important to their culture. Mummification helped you to get to the underworld

Phoenicians

``` 1100 - 700 BCE Mediterranean merchant empire first alphabet empire based on trade referred to as 'purple people' because of dyed textiles ```

Egyptian expansion

New Kingdom is formed. Lead by Ramses the Great. Kyksos brings bronze tech. Imperialism and wealth

Treaty of Kadesh

Ramses the Great signs the first international peace treaty

Hebrews

Monotheistic Uses the Torah (bible) Small kingdom in Isreal 1025 BCE (Jerusalem) Babylonian Captivity 587 BCE

Assyria

``` 900-612 BCE Developed method of Conquest new siege techniques iron weapons torture, slaughter deportation ```

Assyrian government and society

Military dicatorship Cities: Ashur - capital Nineveh

Egyptian time periods

``` Old kingdom (pyramids built) 3100-2188 BCE Middle Kingdom - Hyksos migration 2188 - 2055 BCE New Kingdom - Biblical times ```

Henotheistic

Believing in multiple Gods, but only worshipping one.

Hittites

Established kingdom in Kussara. Set up in Asia.

Yahweh

Hebrew name of God. God of the isrealites. Jews used it. Too sacred to say.

Ashur

Assyrian God

Persian Empire

550-330 BCE

Library at Nineveh

10,000 clay tablets about military and mesapotamian history. How we know about mesopotamia.

Cyrus the Great

Founder of Syria. Conquered many places. Was nice to the conquered lands. Conquered Babylon. Most powerful and largest empire at the time.

Darius I

``` Cyrus' successor. Conquers Asia Minor. Divides empire into Satrapies Unified Syrian currency Tolerant of everyone's cultures ```

Royal Road

One big road through Syria. Unites all the Satrapies. Started by Darius I.

Satrap

Provinces/states

Zoroastrianism

One of the oldest religions persians made it popular around 550 BCE First to believe in a 'good God' and the devil

Avesta

Zoroastrian God. | Main Persian God.

Judea

Present Day middle east Where Jews/hebrews lived Known for their very different religious beliefs (monotheistic)

Epic of Gilgamesh Summary

Gilgamesh and Enkidu go on dangerous journeys. Gilgamesh searches for immortality after Enkidu dies. The Gods refuse but instead makes his legacy immortal, not his real body.

When was the first Cities built?

3800 BCE in Sumer