Unit 10 Practice Quiz

Question 1

The OVERALL function of the kidneys is to:

Answer 1

regulate the composition of the extracellular fluid

Question 2

The functional unit of the kidney is the:

Answer 2

nephron

Question 3

Blood urea nitrogen can be used as a test for renal insufficiency, but it is less specific than serum creatinine levels. The normal BUN:creatinine ratio for a medium-sized adult female is:

Answer 3

10:1

Question 4

The bulk of the energy used by the kidney is used:

Answer 4

for active transport of sodium and cotransport of electrolyte and other substances

Question 5

Under conditions of decreased perfusion or increased sympathetic nervous system stimulation, renal blood flow:

Answer 5

• is distributed away from the cortex toward the medulla
• decreases glomerular filtration while maintaining the urine-concentrating ability of the kidneys
• is decreased as the afferent and efferent arterioles constrict
• can diminish in shock states to the extent of causing blood flow to cease altogether.

Question 6

The average amount of urine produced per minute is _________ compared to the average glomerular filtration rate of ____________ per minute:

Answer 6

1 mL; 125mL

Question 7

Most of the water, electrolytes, glucose, and amino acids are reabsorbed in which one of the following structures?

Answer 7

The proximal tubule

Question 8

Plasma level at which the substance appears in the urine is called:

Answer 8

Renal threshold
- Responsible for glucose spilling into the urine in diabetic patients

Question 9

The antidiuretic hormone acts at the level of which one of the following kidney structures, to increase urine concentration?

Answer 9

Collecting tubule

Question 10

Aldosterones main effect increases ___________ reabsorption while antidiuretic hormones main effect increases _____________ reabsorption:

Answer 10

sodium; water

Question 11

Aspirin is not recommended for pain relief in persons with gouty arthritis because it:

Answer 11

decreases the secretion of uric acid into the renal tubules

Question 12

The endocrine functions of the kidney include:

Answer 12

• activation of vitamin D
• conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
• production of erythropoietin

Question 13

The function of the kidney in regulation of vitamin D resides with its ability to:

Answer 13

transform vitamin D to its active form

Question 14

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a pivotal role in regulation of blood pressure. What role does the kidney play in maintaining the function of this system?

Answer 14

It produces renin, an enzyme, which interacts with angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin I

Question 15

Which substance is found in urine normally?

Answer 15

Creatinine

Question 16

Which one of the following diagnostic measures is used to assess the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine?

Answer 16

Urine specific gravity

Question 17

Which one of the following blood tests is used as a measure of glomerular filtration rate and renal function?

Answer 17

serum creatinine

Question 18

Because of their site of action in relation to the sodium content in the tubular fluid, which group of diuretics is most effective in producing diuresis?

Answer 18

The loop diuretics

Question 19

The most common inherited disease that affects the kidneys is:

Answer 19

polycystic kidney disease

Question 20

A characteristic sign of polycystic kidney disease is:

Answer 20

hypertension

Question 21

The most common complication of urinary tract obstruction is:

Answer 21

infection

Question 22

Kidney damage resulting from urinary tract obstruction is usually the result of:

Answer 22

back pressure and ischemia

Question 23

Etiologic factors in the development of urolithiasis include:

Answer 23

urinary stasis

Question 24

A major manifestation of kidney stones is pain. Colicky type pain is most commonly caused by:

Answer 24

smaller stones that move into the ureter

Question 25

What is the main prevention measure for all types of kidney stones?

Answer 25

increased fluid intake

Question 26

Which of the following predisposing factors is NOT associated with urinary tract infections?

Question 27

Which population is least susceptible to urinary tract infections? - women - elderly men - adolescent boys

Answer 27

adolescent boys

Question 28

The most common cause of nosocomial urinary tract infections is:

Answer 28

catheterization

Question 29

Symptoms of enuresis, dysuria, suprapubic discomfort, and frequency in a child suggests the presence of

Answer 29

lower UTI

Question 30

Glomerulonephritis is most accurately described as representing:

Answer 30

an inflammatory process involving the glomerular structures of the kidney

Question 31

Glomerulonephritis is thought to result from:

Answer 31

an immune response

Question 32

The edema that develops in persons with glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome reflects:

Answer 32

a loss of plasma proteins

Question 33

Onset of pyelonephritis is usually is manifested by:

Answer 33

Abrupt onset of fever, chills, and CVA tenderness

Question 34

Which one of the following age groups is most susceptible to renal damage caused by drugs?

Answer 34

Elderly adults

Question 35

Which statement is FALSE concerning intrarenal failure? - It most often results from acute tubular necrosis - It results from hypoxia-related prerenal failure - It results from exposure of the kidney to toxic substances - It is easily treated and rarely results in death

Answer 35

it is easily treated and rarely results in death

Question 36

Acute glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis may advance to:

Answer 36

intrarenal failure

Question 37

Older men are most prone to:

Answer 37

postrenal failure

Question 38

Trauma and shock result in:

Answer 38

the interruption of renal blood flow

Question 39

Hemorrhage can lead to what type of renal failure (pre, post, intra)

Answer 39

prerenal failure and intrarenal failure

Question 40

Acute tubular necrosis is characterized by:

Answer 40

destructive changes in the tubular epithelium

Question 41

Most cases of acute tubular necrosis are caused by:

Answer 41

ischemia or nephrotoxic agents

Question 42

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) progresses through three phases "the initiating, maintenance, and recovery phases. Which of the following is false? - The initiating phase is the time from the onset of the precipitating event until the tubular injury occurs - The maintenance phase is characterized by a decrease in GFR, retention of nitrogenous wastes, water intoxication, and other signs of renal failure - The recovery phase is heralded by sudden diuresis indicating that the nephrons have recovered completely

Answer 42

The recovery phase is heralded by sudden diuresis indicating that the nephrons have recovered completely

Question 43

Treatment focus for acute renal failure includes:

Answer 43

treating the underlying cause

Question 44

End-stage renal disease is characterized by alterations in all of the following EXCEPT: - endocrine functions of the kidney - alterations in the V:Q ratio - alterations in filtration - alterations in reabsorption

Answer 44

alterations in the V:Q ratio

Question 45

Signs of chronic renal failure do not develop until the disease is far advanced. This can best be explained in terms of:

Answer 45

the great functional reserve of the kidneys

Question 46

Renal insufficiency represents a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate of:

Answer 46

50%-20%

Question 47

One of the early signs of renal failure is:

Answer 47

an increase in nitrogenous wastes in the blood

Question 48

The decrease in pH that occurs in persons with renal failure can best be described in terms of:

Answer 48

decreased ability of the kidneys to excrete metabolic acids

Question 49

In chronic renal failure, serum calcium:

Answer 49

- is affected by impaired excretion of phosphorus - is maintained by the chronic stimulation of the parathyroid glands - is maintained by increased bone resorption

Question 50

Serum potassium is usually elevated in renal failure. This could most likely be attributed to the fact that:

Answer 50

potassium is absorbed in the kidney

Question 51

Anemia frequently found in persons with chronic renal failure can best be explained in terms of:

Answer 51

failure of the kidneys to activate or produce erythropoietin

Question 52

The impaired synthesis of erythropoietin and the effects of uremia in chronic renal failure cause:

Answer 52

anemia

Question 53

The development of hypertension in a person with renal failure is largely related to:

Answer 53

increased intravascular fluid and the renin-angiotensin mechanism