Unit 1Botany Flashcards
0
Q
What is the monomer for carbohydrates?
A
Monosaccharides
- glucose
- fructose
- galactose
1
Q
What are the four macromolecules?
A
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nuclei acids.
2
Q
What do monosaccharides combine to create?
A
Disaccharides,
- sucrose
- lactose
3
Q
What do SEVERAL monosaccharides combine to create?
A
Polysaccharides
- starches
- cellulose
4
Q
What does cellulose do?
A
Used to give structure to plants, main thing in plant cell walls, helps animals clean their bowels.
5
Q
What are starches?
A
The form that plants store glucose in. Short term storage.
6
Q
What are the two primary functions of carbohydrates?
A
Short term energy storage and support/strength.
7
Q
What are the monomers of lipids?
A
Fatty acid and glycerol.
8
Q
What are fats?
A
Solid lipids, used for long term energy storage.
9
Q
What are oils?
A
Liquid lipids, used by plants to repel insects.
10
Q
What are waxes?
A
Lipids with long fatty acids joined to an alcohol.
Solid at room temperature.
Found on surface of plant leaves/stems, embedded in the cutin (surface covering) or suberin (cell walls)
11
Q
What are steroids?
A
Liquid lipids, repel animals from eating plants.
12
Q
What are phospholipids?
A
2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol and a phosphate group.
Hydrophobic tail, hydrophilic head.
Makes up the phospholipid bilayer.
13
Q
What is the monomer of protein?
A
Amino acids
14
Q
How many amino acids are there?
A
20 amino acids
15
Q
How many amino acids does your body produce, and how many do you get from food?
A
Body produces 12, you receive 8 from foods.
16
Q
What is the polymer of proteins?
A
Polypeptides, made up of long chains of amino acids.
17
Q
What do storage proteins do?
A
Store other proteins or carbohydrates inside for later use. Ex:bean, seed.
18
Q
What are enzymes?
A
Proteins that catalyze reactions. Very important.
19
Q
What are transport proteins and where are they found?
A
Found in the cell membrane, helps large molecules travel back and forth across cell membrane.
20
Q
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
A
Nucleotides.
21
Q
What two types of nucleic acids are there?
A
DNA and RNA
22
Q
Who is Robert Hook?
A
Named a cell a cell, looked at cork under a microscope.
23
Q
Who is Anton Von Leeuwenhook?
A
A Dutch lenses maker, found single cell molecules (protist) and named them animolecules.
24
Who is Robert Brown?
Named the nucleus.
25
What did Schlieden and Schwann do?
Both credited with the cell theory. Did not work together though, they just published the same stuff separately.
26
What is the cell theory?
1) All organisms are composed of at least one cell.
| 2) Cells are the simplest unit of structure and function in an organism.
27
Who is Rudolph Virchow, and what idea did he refute?
Discovered every cell comes from a pre-existing cell, it is incorporated as the third part of the cell theory.
This idea refutes spontaneous generation.
28
What is the cell wall composed of?
- Cellulose (15-20% of cells weight)
| - microfibils, cellulose molecules grouped together into bundles, which are held together by pectin.
29
Middle Lamella
Area between cells made of pectin.
30
Primary cell wall
Flexible cell wall, first to form. Laid down on each side of middle lamella. Consist of network of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and glycoproteins.
31
Secondary cell walls
Cells usually die shortly after completion, forms inside primary wall and is rigid, does not expand. Contains lignin and other sugars.
32
Plasmodesmata
Tiny cytoplasm strands that stretch between cells (with an endoplasmic reticulum strand)
Allows movement of big stuff between cells, important for cell communication.
33
What is cytoplasm made up of?
96% CHON,
34
What is the nucleoli?
Ribosome producing bodies.
35
What fills the inside of the nucleus?
Nucleoplasm
36
What is around the nucleus?
Nuclear envelope
37
What is chromatin and what does it become during mitosis?
Chromatin is DNA when it's all free and noodle-y, becomes chromatid/chromosomes when it condenses for mitosis.
38
What is a proplastid?
Beginning stage of a plastid, eventually grows and differentiates into chromoplast/leucoplast/chromoplast
39
What is inside the chloroplast?
Stacks of thylakoids, called grana, that perform photosynthesis.
40
What do chromoplast do?
Create different bright colors (red/yellow/orange) to attract creatures to the seeds.
41
What produces the color in the chromoplast?
Carotenoids.
42
What are the two kinds of leucoplast and what do they do?
Amyloplasts- stores starch
| Elaioplast- stores oils.
43
What two fibers make up the cytoskeleton?
Microtubules and microfilaments.
44
What are microtubules and what do they do?
Hollow protein tubes made of tubulin.
Used for vesicle transport, component of mitotic spindle, controls addition of cellulose to cell wall, and mobility of flagella/cilia.
45
What are microfilaments and what do they do?
Long protein threads that are grouped into bundles. Used to make the cell move when using ameboid movement.
46
What does the rough er do?
Creates proteins with it's ribosomes, secretion and storage of proteins.
47
What does smooth er do?
Secretes lipids, makes phospholipid bilayer.
48
Function of the ribosome?
Synthesize proteins by putting together chains of amino acids.
49
Function of Golgi body?
Collects and packages proteins and other molecules like carbs. Wraps them in lipids.
50
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, turns stores energy into ATP.
51
What is the folded interior of the mitochondria called?
Cristae
52
What are peroxisomes.
Plant lysosomes, eat up old cell parts, nutrients, and foreign substances.
53
What is the vacuole made of and what does it do?
Membrane bound sac that stores stuff, consist of tonoplast (membrane around vacuole), cell sap (fluid in vacuoles containing salts, sugars, organic acids, etc)
54
What is the membrane around a vacuole?
A tonoplast.
55
What are the two organ systems in plants?
Roots and shoots.
56
What organs are in the roots plant system?
Roots.
57
What organs are in the shoots plant system?
Leaves, buds, fruits, flowers, branches, stem, and seeds.
58
Three basic plant organs
Root, leaves, stems
59
Five complex plant organs
Flowers, fruits, buds, seeds, and branches.
60
What are the simple organs of flowers?
Complex shoots, leaf-derived petals.
61
What are the simple organs of fruits?
Forms from special leaf-derived organ
| Seeds
62
What are the simple organs of buds?
Tiny stem, tiny leaves
63
What are the simple organs of seeds?
Young shoot, young root, enclosed food
64
What are the simple organs of branches?
Leaves, complex roots.
65
Two ways plants grow
```
Mitosis (making new cells, like duh)
Cell enlargement (sucks waters up the vacuoles and makes the cell all big)
```
66
What is Meristematic Tissue?
Tissues that grow new cells and make plants grow.
67
Where is meristematic tissue located?
Roots, tips of branches, stems, buds
68
What are the two types of meristematic tissue?
Apical meristems and secondary meristems.
69
What are the subdivisions of apical meristems?
Protoderm, ground meristem, ad procambium.
70
Where is apical meristem found?
Near tips of roots and stems. (Tip-iCal)
71
What does the apical meristem effect?
Height of the plant by lengthening roots and stems.
72
What is protoderm?
The epidermis, skin, or plant covering.
73
What is ground meristem?
The cortex and/or pith, a storage tissue.
74
What is procambium?
Vascular tissue, which transports materials through plants.
75
What are auxiliary buds?
Buds located between stem and lead stalks (only on stems)
76
What is a node?
Region of stem where 1+ leaves or branches emerge.
77
What is an internode?
Stem region between two nodes.
78
What do secondary meristems do?
Produce secondary tissues, that make the plant wider.
79
Where are secondary meristems found?
Woody plants.
80
What are the two kinds of secondary meristem?
Vascular cambium, cork cambium
81
What tissues are the vascular cambium located between?
The xylem and phloem of green (herbaceous) and woody plants.
82
What does vascular cambium produce?
Produces wood.
83
What does wood do?
Provides support and secondary conducting tissue.
84
Where is cork cambium located?
Near the outside of the stem or root.
85
What is the job of vascular cambium?
Produces tissues to increase the girth.
86
What does cork cambium do?
Produces bark of woody plants.
87
What are non-meristematic tissues?
Tissues that were PRODUCED BY meristematic tissues, and now that they've reached maturity assume different shapes/functions.
88
What are the simple tissues?
Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
89
What are simple tissues characterized by?
Contain only 1 or 2 cell types.
90
Describe Parenchyma
Alive, large, and loosely packed cells that are sphere shaped, with THIN CELL WALLS
91
What is the location and function of the parenchyma tissue?
Located in the middle of the stem, in the roots, and the middle of leaves.
They store water, starch and oils, heal wounds, and are used for photosynthesis in leaves.
92
Describe the collenchyma tissue.
Alive, elongated cells, flexible walls. Cell walls with uneven thickness.
93
What is the location and function of the collenchyma tissue?
Located under the epidermis, supports plants that are still growing.
94
Describe the sclerenchyma
Usually die upon maturity (too little cytoplasm to keep the cell alive, and it's only needed for it's cell walls anyway) Has REALLY THICK lignin filled cell walls.
Made of sclereids and fibers.
95
What is the location and function of the sclerenchyma?
Located in seed coats, nut shells, peach pits, and pear flesh. Functions as support for the plant. (Wood)
96
What are the complex tissues?
Xylem, phloem, epidermis, secretory cells and tissues.
97
What is xylem made up of?
Fibers, parenchyma, vessels, and tracheids.
98
What is the function of xylem?
Transports water up the tree, structural support (because it's woody)
99
What are vessels?
Hard, long tubes that act like a hose to suck water up the tree.
100
Describe vessels.
Hard, long, tubes of individual cells. Have thin walls, slanted ends, and are usually found in angiosperms (flowering plants)
101
What are tracheids?
Soft, spongy bits that allow water to move through them like a row of sponges.
102
Describe tracheids.
Long, thick walled, tapered cells. Pits interconnect overlapping cells, but there are no openings on each end. Die once formed, mostly found in gymnosperms (come bearing) and angiosperms (flowering)
103
What is phloem composed of?
Fibers, parenchyma, sieve-tube elements, sieve cells, companion cells.
104
What is a companion cell?
A cell that will commit suicide to quickly heal up a wound and stop sap from leaking out a wound.
105
What is the function of phloem?
Transports sugar (sucrose) down the plant.
106
Describe sieve-tube elements.
Elongated tubes with sieve plates (end walls with small pores) and lack a nuclei at maturity.
107
Describe sieve cells.
Elongated tubes with oblique, overlapping end walls. Do not form continuous tubes. Found in ferns and conifers.
108
What is the epidermis?
Outermost layer of young plant bodies. Is usually 1 cell layer thick. Cell walls covered with cutin.
109
What are stomata?
Modified epidermal cells. Small pores in a leaf that regulates passage of gases in/out of plant.
110
What are root hairs?
Tubular extensions of the epidermal cells in roots that function in water absorption.
111
What kinds of substances are secreted by plants?
Resin, latex, nectar, mucilage, and oil.
112
What is resin?
Heals wounds, repels bugs.
113
What is latex?
Heals wounds.
114
What does nectar do?
Attract pollinators.
115
What does oil do?
Repels insects.
116
What does mucilage do?
"Mucus", lubricates roots.
117
What is schlerenchyma made of?
Schlereids and fibers.
