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Exercise physiology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Fuel utilization

A

“calorie burning”

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2
Q

Total energy expenditure

A

total work performed
- distance run
- mass moved

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3
Q

Energy expenditure rate

A

work rate
- speed or pace

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4
Q

To “burn more calories”

A

increase total work
not necessarily work rate
“run farther, not faster”

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5
Q

Energy needs

A

aerobic & anaerobic
- PCr
- glycogen/glucose
- fats
-proteins

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6
Q

ventilatory threshold

A

at about 50-60% of VO2 max - curve up exponentially

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7
Q

respiratory exchange rate (RER, RQ, or R)

A

VCO2 / VO2

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8
Q

Glucose RQ

A

R = 6 CO2/ 6 O2 = 1.00

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9
Q

Fat RQ (palmitic acid)

A

R = 16 CO2/ 23 O2 = 0.70

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10
Q

RQ indicates fuel utilization (Fat, CHO, mix)

A

0.70 = 100% fat
0.85 = 50% fat, 50% CHO
1.00 = 100% CHO

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11
Q

During steady state exercise (RQ)

A

VCO2 and VO2 reflective of O2 consumption and CO2 production at the cellular level

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12
Q

Aerobic energy production uses..

A

fats while higher energy production uses CHO

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13
Q

Fuel selection - exercise duration

A

increase epinephrine
decrease insulin
- lipolysis -> FFA

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14
Q

Fuel selection - exercise intensity

A

cross over @ about 40% VO2 max
RQ - 0.85
- fiber recruitment
- epinephrine
increased glycolysis

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15
Q

How fast should I run to “burn fat”?

A

shorter duration with medium high intensity

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16
Q

caffeine

A

stimulates fat oxidation
increases epinephrine
rest (slight increase in BMR, little weight loss)
exercise (some glycogen sparing)

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17
Q

green tea

A

stimulates fat oxidation
increases epinephrine
rest (slight increase in BMR, little weight loss)
exercise (some glycogen sparing)

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18
Q

conjugated linoleic acid

A

stimulates fat oxidation
human weight loss inconsistent, small

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19
Q

Fuel sources during exercise

A

phosphocreatine
carbohydrates
fat
protein
blood lactate

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20
Q

What is “skeletal muscle fatigue”?

A

inability of a physiological system to continue functioning at a desired level

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21
Q

Muscle fatigue

A

inability to maintain a desired force or power output

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22
Q

Fatigue (other)

A

increased level of activation required to maintain a desired force or power output

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23
Q

central fatigue

A

inability or unwillingness to recruit the necessary motor units to produce or maintain a desired force output
- pyschological - motivation, effort
- biological - relax inhibition, CNS

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24
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum role in muscle fatigue

A

regulates force and energy

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25
NMJ and Action potential
Neuromuscular communication is maintained (healthy individuals) action potentials are not appreciably altered
26
3 hypotheses...
Depletion hypothesis accumulation hypothesis Ca2+ exchange hypothesis
27
Depletion hypothesis
depletion of "energy" ATP or substrate (can be depleted - PCr, glycogen, blood glucose, FFAs) (NOT depleted - ATP)
28
Accumulation hypothesis
metabolic waste products lactate, H+, Pi (accumulates H+ (low pH), lactate, Pi)
29
Ca2+ exchange hypothesis
sarcoplasmic reticulum becomes "dysfunctional" ca2+ release and/or uptake (during fatigue/exhaustive exercise= Ca2+ release is depressed, Ca2+ uptake rates are depressed, myoplasmic Ca2+ is lowered)
30
If calcium release is depressed
force is compromised energy consumption is reduced - decrease contractile apparatus - decrease SR Ca2+ pump
31
Consequences of fatigue and the SR
loss of muscle force maintain ATP levels prevent Ca2+ "overload" damage
32
Is fatigue a protective mechanism?
Yes
33
Electrical stimulation of Central fatigue
bypass the CNS, focus on muscle fatigue no increase in force - well motivated subjects - healthy subjects
34
Glycogen, glucose, and brain
Hypoglycemia affects "central drive" - motor unit recruitment exercise causes glycogen depletion in the brain skill and technique deteriorate restoration of performance with CHO other biological factors - discomfort, joint pain
35
Carbohydrate "rinse and spit"
CHOs in the mouth can improve exercise performance brain scans show increased activity a "biological" link between the brain and mouth
36
depletion hypothesis
ATP levels are maintained even during very intense exercise Fuels and substrates can be depleted Central fatigue may result
37
Calcium exchange
SR function is compromised during fatigue Leads to reduced contractile apparatus force and energy use May be a protective mechanism “Trigger” is not known – may be linked to energy
38
CNS
Conscious: motivation, effort, lethargy, pain Non-conscious: brain, reflex inhibition
39
Regulation
biological control system
40
Temperature regulation
stimulus sensor control center effect normal temp - process for cold and hot temp
41
blood glucose regulation - acute
BG up - pancreas - insulin - decrease BG BG down - pancreas - glucagon - increase BG
42
LGI
low glycemic index
43
HGI
High glycemic index
44
Sensitivity
how much change is needed to evoke a response?
45
Response time
how long does it take for a corrective response? reach a steady state
46
Gain
the amount of correction evoked
47
Error
over and under correction
48
acute stress
exercise blood pressure glucose temperature
49
chronic stress
hypertrophy atrophy metabolic adaptations cardiovascular adaptations disease
50
Work
force x distance
51
power
work/time
52
energy
work
53
Energy =
work
54
Power output =
work rate
55
Objective of bioenergetics
to provide energy to perform an amount of work or sustain a given work rate
56
bioenergetics
converts fuels into energy convert chemical energy into mechanical movements
57
energy demands at rest and exercise
brain (same) respiratory muscles (increase) heart (increase) liver/ kidney/ spleen (decrease) skeletal muscles (increase)
58
Skeletal muscle energy use
Na/K pump Contractile apparatus sarcoplasmic reticulum
59
Metabolism bioenergetics
ADP-PCR system Glycolysis aerobic metabolism
60
ADP-PCr system
phosphocreatine
61
Glycolysis
glucose glycogen
62
aerobic metabolism
glucose glycogen fats
63
Adenylate Kinase
"metabolic monitor"
64
ADK stimulated by:
exercise (Pi, ADP) stress hormonal changes
65
AMP stimulates
AMP-activated kinase (AMP kinase, AMPK) other metabolic pathways
66
Anaerobic
ADP-Pcr Glycolysis Beta-oxidation (cytoplasm)
67
Aerobic
Aerobic metabolism (mitochondria)
68
phosphocreatine
very rapid - replenishment (seconds) Low capacity (limited supply in muscle) High intensity, short duration efforts (sprints, jumps, etc.)
69
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Reasonably rapid (replenishment - seconds, minutes) Fairly high capacity (stored in muscle & liver, diet blood) Moderate intensity, short duration efforts (sprints, mid-distance, etc.)
70
Glucose phosphorylated
with ATP
71
Glycogen phosphorylated
with inorganic phosphate
72
Glycolysis energy investment
2 ATP are utilized 6-carbon compound is "split"
73
ATP from glucose
invested 2 atp produced 4 atp NET atp = 2 ATP
74
ATP from glycogen
invested 1 atp produced 4 atp NET = 3 ATP

Exercise physiology (1 decks)

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