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Biology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What produces the sounds of the heart beat heard through a stethoscope?

A

Closing of the heart valves

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2
Q

As blood flows from arteriole to venules the concentration of glucose and CO2 does what?

A

Glucose - decreases

CO2 - increases

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3
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Hardening of the arteries

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4
Q

Name two compounds that are produced by the pancreas?

A

Insulin and glucagon

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5
Q

What is the function of the semi-lunar valves?

A

They prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles after contraction

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6
Q

Mini pill causes what?

A

Thickening of the cervical mucus

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7
Q

What will not pass through the placenta between the mother and the fetus?

A

Red blood cells

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8
Q

If a woman was to become pregnant, describe the differences which would occur in the concentrations of FSH and progesterone?

A

FSH - describes

progesterone - remains the same

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9
Q

Name the two phases that occur during menstruation

A

Follicular (days 1-14)

Luteal (days 14-28)

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10
Q

How can ovulation be stimulated?

A

By drugs that mimic the normal action of FSH and LH

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11
Q

What is Artificial Insemination

A

This is commonly used in men who have low sperm count. This involves the insertion of sperm into the female tract.

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12
Q

What is ICSI?

A

This involves drawing healthy sperm into a needle and injecting the head of the sperm directly into an egg to achieve fertilisation

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13
Q

What is IVF?

A

Enables fertilisation to occur in a Petri dish. Women are given hormone treatment to stimulate multiple ovulation
- the eggs are surgically removed from the ovary
- the eggs are mixed with sperm in the dish
Alternatively, sperm can be injected using ICSI.

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14
Q

What is Pre-genetic screening?

A

A non specific approach, to check if embryos for single gene disorders and chromosomal abnormalities

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15
Q

When vessel in the circulatory system contains blood at the lowest pressure?

A

Vena cava

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16
Q

What is pre genetic diagnosis

A

A specific approach to check for a known chromosomal defect

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17
Q

What is amniocentesis

A

A method to obtain embryonic stem cells

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18
Q

What is PKU?

A

An inborn error of metabolism where there is excess of phenylalanine

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19
Q

Which side of the heart is deoxygenated?

A

Right

20
Q

What is the central cavity of a blood vessel called?

A

Lumen

21
Q

What is the lumen lined with?

A

Endothelium cells

22
Q

What do arteries have that veins don’t?

A

A thick middle layer of smooth muscle

23
Q

What do veins have that arteries don’t?

A

Valves to prevent the back flow of blood

24
Q

What does plasma contain?

A

Glucose, amino acids, blood cells

25
Q

How do you calculate Cardiac Output?

A

CO= heart rate x stroke volume

26
Q

Name the pacemaker

A

Sino-atrial node

27
Q

How is angina caused?

A

By the coronary arteries becoming narrowed by atherosclerosis

28
Q

Where is low density lipoproteins produced and transported?

A

Produced by the liver

Transport cholesterol by body cells

29
Q

What is familia hypercholesterolaemia?

A

Where LDL cholesterol levels are very high

30
Q

Where is high density lipoproteins taken from and where are they transported to?

A

Taken from body cells

Transported to the liver

31
Q

What is the effect of statins?

A

They lower blood cholesterol levels

32
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Stimulates the conversion of glucose to glycogen

33
Q

Explain type 1 diabetes

A

Type 1 - no insulin produced therefore blood glucose levels cannot be controlled

34
Q

What is type 2 cholesterol?

A

Insulin is produced but not a sufficient quantity and cells are less sensitive to insulin

35
Q

Wha does anomaly scans do?

A

Detect serious physical problems

36
Q

What is a Dating scan?

A

Provide information on the stage of pregnancy and the due date

37
Q

Under what circumstances are further diagnostic tests carried out?

A

Individuals in high risk categories (women 35 and over)
There is a family history of a harmful genetic disorder
A potential problem resulting from routine screening

38
Q

What is chorionic villus sampling?

A

This is where a sample of placental cells are removed

39
Q

What is Rhesus antibody testing

A

When a Rhesus negative mother is pregnant with a rhesus positive baby

40
Q

What are pedigree chart used for?

A

To analyse patterns of inheritance in genetic screening

41
Q

A build up of what substances inhibit the activity of phosphofructokinase

A

Citric acid and ATP

42
Q

Where does LDL deposit cholesterol?

A

In the arteries

43
Q

State a role of the nucleus in the transfer of information across a synapse

A

Nucleus codes for the neurotransmitter

44
Q

What does is mitochondria function?

A

Provides ATP for synthesis reactions

45
Q

What does the vesicles do in the presynaptic knob?

A

It provides neurotransmitter

46
Q

What happens to level of oestrogen if pregnancy has occurred

A

Decrease

Biology (7 decks)

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