Unit 2- Connectivity Flashcards

Question

What is tethering?

Answer 1

Tethering is when a host device shares its internet connection with other connected devices Commonly used by mobile devices to share its mobile data connection to devices such as laptops and tablets Tethering can be enabled or disabled as part of the mobile contract Some network providers charge extra to use this feature

Answer 2

Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) is a common standard for wireless networks Wi-Fi is common in most homes and offices to connect devices such as laptops, tablets & smart phones Using Wi-Fi, devices communicate with a hotspot or a wireless access point (WAP), which can be a standalone device or built into a router or switch

Answer 3

High speed data transfer is required Long range communication is required Many devices are needed to be connected at the same time

Answer 4

Portability - Easy to move around, location is only limited by range Cost - Less expensive to setup and add new devices Compatibility - Most devices are manufactured with a built in Wi-Fi adapter

Answer 5

Speed - Slower data transfer than Ethernet Security - Less secure than Ethernet Range - Relies on signal strength to the WAP, signals can be obstructed (up to 100m)

Answer 6

Bluetooth is another common standard for wireless networks Bluetooth is common in most homes and offices to connect devices such as headphones, controllers, keyboards & mice Bluetooth is used typically for a direct connection between two devices When two devices pair, they both exchange a cryptographic key The keys are used to generate a secret shared key which is used to encrypt the data between the two devices and create a Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Connected devices continuously change their transmitting frequency between 79 different channels to avoid interference and improve the reliability of the connection This is known as the frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)

Answer 7

Compatibility - Ideal for personal devices and ad-hoc connections Power - Very low power consumption

Answer 8

Speed - Very slow transfer speeds Security - Data can be intercepted by anyone in range Range - Short range (30m)

Answer 9

Bluetooth: 7 connections, 30 metres maximum range, 3 Mbytes maximum transfer speed WIFI: 30 connections, 100 metres maximum range, 75 Mbytes maximum transfer speed

Answer 10

Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite system used to track the exact location of an object GPS uses orbiting satellites to receive, amplify and transmit signals Radio frequencies are used to communicate between satellites and ground stations GPS requires a direct line of sight

Answer 11

Wide coverage area Real-time data transmission Improved communication in remote locations Accurate location tracking

Answer 12

Expensive setup and maintenance Signal interference due to weather or obstacles Limited bandwidth and capacity Privacy concerns and potential for Surveillance

Answer 13

3G and 4G are references to the 3rd and 4th generation of mobile data networks They provide mobile devices with wireless access to the internet Each generation has a faster transfer rate and an improved capacity for more users 3G - 256 Kbps (kilobits per second) 4G - 100+ Mbps (megabits per second) The current generation (5G) has even faster speeds and lower latency

Answer 14

Infra-red is a wireless communication method used to transfer very small amounts of data to a device in direct line of sight Uses light waves which can cause: Walls or obstacles to block the signal Sunlight to affect the signal It is a reliable and cost effective solution for many short-range wireless communication needs

Answer 15

Televisions Audio receivers Home entertainment equipment etc.

Answer 16

Near field communication (NFC) is a subset of RFID which allows communication between two devices in very close proximity NFC can be either: Passive - uses energy from the reader Active - has it's own power source Smartphones use active NFC to allow contactless payments by tapping a smartphone on a reader Smartphones can also exchange data using NFC by tapping together (usually back to back)

Answer 17

Convenient Secure Very fast Low power consumption

Answer 18

Limited range Slow data transfer rate (not suitable for transferring large files) Compatibility

Answer 19

Bandwidth is the amount of data that can be carried by a connection in one second Measured in bits per second (bit rate) A smaller bandwidth means that less data can be sent and the network can slow down, potentially to the point of becoming unusable

Answer 20

A higher bandwidth means more data can be sent and received in one second Higher bandwidth can improve: Upload and download speeds Online gaming Streaming high definition video To stream content, enough data to play a few seconds is downloaded and stored in a temporary area of memory called a buffer As the contents of the buffer are played, more data is downloaded at the same time to keep the buffer full If the buffer ever becomes empty playback will pause To stream successfully, data must be downloaded to the buffer at a faster rate than it is being emptied

Answer 21

Latency is the delay between data being sent and received If there is a big delay between the two, more data will be on the network causing collisions This can lead to even more packets of data being sent as the error rate will increase

Answer 22

Playing games online smoothly, requires a high bandwidth A high latency can cause lag and the game will not respond as quickly as a users commands This can cause big issues when users are playing fast paced games or playing against other users with a lower latency (have an advantage due to quicker response times) Streaming sport content with a high latency can cause micro-stutters and ruin a users watching experience

Answer 23

interference, transfer method, blockages, distance

Answer 24

Devices that emit electromagnetic signals such as microwaves and fridges can disrupt wireless signals

Answer 25

Wired connections can carry more frequencies, meaning a higher bandwidth compared to wireless connections

Answer 26

Walls and furniture can block wireless signals, lowering the bandwidth available

Answer 27

The strength of a wired and wireless signals reduces as data has to travel further

Answer 28

speed- faster data transfer portability- location is limited by physical cable security- better physical security range- less affected by interference safety- cable can be a trip hazard cost- cables and cheap, more devices mean more cables needed

Answer 29

speed- slower than wired portability- location only limited by range security- less secure range- affected by interferences safety- none cost- no cables required

Answer 30

Provide access to high speed internet (broadband) ISPs use fibre optic or copper cable to create a wide area network (WAN)

Answer 31

- fibre optic is a type of cable that uses light to transmit data on a wide area network (WAN) Fibre transmits data at a much higher speed and has a much higher bandwidth compared to copper cables - does not suffer from interference which makes them the most secure option to send sensitive data - can cover a long distance without any degradation, they can span cities and countries

Answer 32

- Copper is a type of cable originally used in telecommunication to transmit voice signals, forming the traditional landline phone network The ability to use copper to deliver network traffic on a wide area network (WAN) made the internet possible - degrade over time which limits their range compared to fibre optic - suffers from interference which can disrupt data quality - transmits data at a much slower rate, and has a much lower bandwidth compared to fibre optic

Answer 33

It increases the time it takes for data to be transferred between devices [1] meaning his voice/video is out of sync / lagging / delayed [1]

Answer 34

- An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique identifier given to devices which communicate over the Internet (WAN) - can be allocated by a network administrator or assigned dynamically by a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol server (DHCP) -the addresses make it possible to deliver data to the right device A device connecting to a network will be given an IP address, if it moves to a different network then the IP address will change

Answer 35

- Internet Protocol version 4 is represented as 4 blocks of denary numbers between 0 and 255, separated by full stops - Each block is one byte (8 bits), each address is 4 bytes (32 bits) - provides over 4 billion unique addresses (232), however, with over 7 billion people and countless devices per person, a solution was needed

Answer 36

- Internet Protocol version 6 is represented as 8 blocks of 4 hexadecimal digits, separated by colons - Each block is 2 bytes (16 bits), each address is 16 bytes (128 bits) - IPv6 could provide over one billion unique addresses for every person on the planet (2128)

Answer 37

- Media access control address - universally unique identifier given to devices which communicate over a local area network (LAN) - static (can never change) - make it possible for switches to efficiently forward data to the intended recipient - Any device that contains a Network Interface Card (NIC) has a MAC address assigned during manufacturing -A device connecting to a local network already has a MAC address, if it moves to a different network then the MAC address will stay the same - MAC address is represented as 12 hexadecimal digits (48 bits), usually grouped in pairs. The first three pairs are the manufacturer ID number (OUI) and the last three pairs are the serial number of the network interface card (NIC) - The first three pairs are the manufacturer ID number (OUI) and the last three pairs are the serial number of the network interface card (NIC) - There are enough unique MAC addresses for roughly 281 trillion devices

Answer 38

- Restrict or allow access to a network - Identify a device on a network - Track a device - Assign 'static' or 'fixed' IP addresses

Answer 39

- way for users to describe/name a device so that it is easier to identify on a network - are not used by devices to communicate as they are not always unique - set by users in the devices operating system or from a router

Answer 40

Answer IP address is dynamic/can change // MAC address is static/cannot change [1] IP address is used to communicate on a WAN/Internet // MAC address is used to communicate on a LAN [1]

Answer 41

- a network where physical cables are used to join devices together and transmit data

Answer 42

- ethernet - fibre optic

Answer 43

- ethernet is a wired networking standard to carry electrical signals between devices on a local area network (LAN) - common use in most offices and homes to connect devices like desktop computers and servers - it uses twisted pair cables to allow duplex communication

Answer 44

- type of cable using light to transmit data on a wide area network (WAN) - transmits data at much higher speed, has a higher bandwidth compared to copper cables - does not suffer from interference, makes them more secure to send sensitive data - cover long distances

Answer 45

- wireless access point allows wireless devices to connect to a local area network - WAP connects to a switch or hub via an Ethernet cable - WAP range is limited so the use of multiple wireless access points can be used for complete coverage or a home/business

Answer 46

- router is responsible for routing data packets between different networks - example of data the router can direct: sending internet traffic to the right devices in your home - manages and prioritises data traffic, which keeps connection stable - router can assign IP addresses to the devices on the network - acts as a gateway

Answer 47

- device that bridges the connection between two different types of network - gateways translate between different network protocols for example a local area network to a wide area network.

Answer 48

- switch allows multiple wired devices to connect to a local area network (LAN) - switch is an active device, it can inspect network data and route it to the correct device, this reduces the traffic on the network - can contain extra software to allow administration/configuration

Answer 49

- a device used to amplify a network signal in order to extend the normal range - used with both wired and wireless networks

Answer 50

- dedicated computer that shares its resources with devices that connect to it - devices that connect to a server are known as clients

Answer 51

file, web, print, authentication, application

Answer 52

- allows access to shared and private resources

Answer 53

- stores the content of a website and processes requests made via the HTTP to access them

Answer 54

- manages print jobs and organises the queue so that individual printers are not overloaded

Answer 55

- stores usernames and passwords that can be checked when a user logs in - users receive a certificate that allows access to resources

Answer 56

- allows clients access to applications that run directly from the server

Answer 57

- a software application used to locate, retrieve and display content on the world wide web - used to display web pages including images, videos and other files

Answer 58

- home page - ability to bookmark favourites - keep a history and visited websites - hyperlinks

Answer 59

- a company that provides access to the internet to users and businesses - ISP provides internet access by leasing equipment and telecommunication lines to users that are required to access the internet

Answer 60

- tools that locate and display web pages related to the search terms entered by the user - essential for navigating vast amount of information on the internet

Answer 61

crawling: when web crawlers scour the internet daily to retrieve new websites indexing: how websites are categorised based on the content of their web pages, keywords and meta data Ranking: how websites are ranked and listed on search engine pages

Answer 62

- use two lists stored in a database to allow or block access to websites - URLS entered by a user are compared against both lists - used by schools and parents two lists: whitelist- URLs on the whitelist are allowed and the website can be viewed blacklist- URLs on the blacklist are not allowed and the website is blocked

Answer 63

- Users can share peripherals such as printers - Shared access to the internet - Users can access their files from any computer on the network - Communication can be made easier via email and social networks - Users can share files and folders easily such as central databases and spreadsheets - Servers can be used to provide centralised backups, updates and security - Media streaming (movies, music and gaming)

Answer 64

- There is an increased security risk to data - Malicious software can infiltrate the network and render it unusable - Servers and switches can provide a central point of failure, resulting in users not being able to complete tasks using their computer - Factors can impact the performance of the network such as the number of users and data on the network at one time

Answer 65

- A peer is a computer on a network which is equal to all other computers Each peer on the network has: - their own printer attached - provide access to their own files - responsible for their own backups - responsible for their own security - responsible for carrying out their own backups A network with no server providing services is a peer-to-peer network Most homes will have a peer-to-peer network model

Answer 66

- Very easy to set up and maintain - Very cheap to set up because there is no expensive hardware to purchase - No specialist knowledge or staff are required to run the network

Answer 67

- Users will need to manage their own backups - Users will need to manage their own software updates - The network can be less secure

Answer 68

A client is a computer on the network, these connect to the server via a switch A server is a computer on a network which often has a single purpose, for example: - Managing access to the Internet - Managing printing - Providing email services - Providing backups - Controlling security - Servers are often more powerful than the client machines - Servers are seen as more significant than the client machines and can require specialist hardware and software - A network which uses a server is called a client-server model Most companies, organisations and schools will use a client-server network model

Answer 69

- Managing backups of the network is easier as it is done from one central point - Updating and installing new software can be done centrally instead of having to log on to each machine - Security of files can be managed easily

Answer 70

- Servers can be expensive to purchase, setup and maintain - specialist network manager would be required as servers require specialist IT knowledge - can be a single point of failure, meaning all users would lose access to the network if the server fails

Answer 71

- a digital lock to prevent unauthorised access to an account and are used to authenticate a user to the network - stored as an encrypted/ciphered text entry in a database, ensuring that even with unauthorised access to a database, a hacker would not be able to gain access to the individual passwords of users Strong passwords and regular password changes are important to maintain security

Answer 72

- barrier between a network and the internet - prevents unwanted traffic from entering a network by filtering requests to ensure they are legitimate

Answer 73

Hardware firewalls- will protect the whole network and prevent unauthorised traffic Software firewalls- will protect the individual devices on the network, monitoring the data going to and from each computer

Answer 74

- method of scrambling data so that unauthorised users cannot understand it - Encryption methods use 'keys', which are specialised programs designed to scramble or unscramble data - uses complex mathematical algorithms to scramble the data There are two common methods of encryption: Symmetric Public key

Answer 75

- sender uses a key to encrypt the data before transmission - receiver uses the same key to decrypt the data It's usually faster, making it ideal for encrypting large amounts of data The significant downside is the challenge of securely sharing this key between the sender and receiver If an unauthorised user captures the key, they can decrypt all messages intercepted in transmission

Answer 76

Public key encryption uses two keys: - a public key for encryption - a private key for decryption (Receivers openly share their public key) - Senders use this public key to encrypt the data The receiver's private key is the only key that can decrypt the data and is kept locally on their side The public and private keys are created at the same time and are designed to work together in this way It is typically slower than symmetric encryption It is generally used for more secure and smaller data transactions, e.g. passwords, bank details

Answer 77

- method of encrypting data being transmitted on a wireless network - each device on the network uses the same key to encrypt and decrypt data - less secure encryption method due to all devices on the network sharing the same key Eavesdropping software (packet sniffers) can be used to intercept data packets and identify the key

Answer 78

- Wi-fi Protected Access (WPA) - a more secure method of encrypting data being transmitted on a wireless network - Each device connected to the network receives a different key - New keys are used for every packet transmitted on the network

Answer 79

- VPN allows users to remotely connect to private local area networks (LANs) - All data sent and received using a VPN is encrypted

Answer 80

- Remotely accessing a companies network (working from home) - Making secure payments - Hiding web activities - By passing geolocation rights management or online censorship

Answer 81

File access rights can be set to determine different levels of access to specific files/folders

Answer 82

Read - can read the contents of a file only Write - can make changes to file contents and/or create new files Delete - can delete files Execute - can run applications/launch software

Answer 83

- a secure file on a network that keeps a record of every action performed by devices on a network - don't directly protect a network, they help administrators monitor any identify any unusual activity Backups are another indirect method of protecting a network Keeping copies of data in a secure place on the network in the event of a data breach/loss

Answer 84

- Device & data access - Timestamps - User IDs - Successful/failed login attempts

Answer 85

Encryption [1] encodes/scrambles data / makes data unreadable [1] using a key [1]