Unit 2 - Metabolic Processes Flashcards

Question

lactic acid fermentation

Answer 1

* found in muscle cells 1. glycolysis 2. 2 pyruvate → 2 lactate major products/glucose: * 2 lactate * 2 ATP strenuous activty can cause a lactate buildup

Answer 2

removal of an amino group from a molecule

Answer 3

process by which fatty acids are broken down two carbons at a time into acetyl-CoA molecules, and vice versa

Answer 4

process by which glucose molecules are formed from 2 glycerol, and vice versa

Answer 5

* inversely proportional with proteins (more α-ketoglutarate = less protein, and vice versa) * marker for diagnosing neurological conditions in newborns

Answer 6

CO₂ + H₂O→ C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ * synthesis of glucose using *light*, H₂O from the soil, and CO₂ from the atomsphere * endergonic * endothermic

Answer 7

a pigment made up of a **porphyrin ring** and **phytol chain** **poryphrin ring** * has a metal cation in the middle, and an R-group (CH₃ group means chlorophyll a; COH group means chlorophyll b) * like the heme group in hemoglobin (which contains Fe instead) **phytol chain** * hydrophobic * helps anchor chlorophyll molecule

Answer 8

usually during the daytime 1. Photons **activate** H⁺ receptors found in the guard cell membrane; subsequent H⁺ **efflux**. 2. K⁺ **influx** to compensate for ionic differences. 3. H₂ **enters** guard cells, via osmosis. 4. Guard cells become **turgid**; stoma **opens**.

Answer 9

usually during the nightime 1. H⁺ receptors found in the guard cell membrane **deactivate**; subsequent H⁺ **influx**. 2. K⁺ **efflux** to compensate for ionic differences. 3. H₂O **exits** guard cells, via osmosis. 4. Guard cells become **flaccid**; stoma **closes**.

Answer 10

* electron transfer and pumping of H⁺ from stroma into thylakoid lumen via cytochromes, and then through ATPase complexes to thylakoid membrane * either non-cyclic (photosystem I and II), or cyclic (photosystem l; more ATP used) * biochemical pathway made up of 7 cytochromes: water splitting enzyme performs photolysis (H₂O → 2H⁺ + 1/2O₂ + 2e⁺, and then... 1. photosystem II (P680) 2. plastoquinone (PQ) 3. cytochrome b₆-f complex 4. plastocyanin (Pc) 5. photosystem I (P700) 6. ferredoxin (Fd) 7. NADP reductase major reactants: * H₂O * NADP⁺ * ADP major products: * O₂ * ATP * NADPH

Answer 11

* biochemical pathway made up of 3 phases: 1. carbon fixation (synthesis) 2. reduction reactions (phosphorylation, REDOX, dephosphorylation) 3. regeneration of RuBP (regeneration) major reactants: * CO₂ * ATP * NADPH major products: * G3P (either glucose used for cell walls or cellular respiration, starch stored in amyloplasts, or sucrose used for cellular respiration or transported to other parts of the plant via translocation) * NADP⁺ * ADP

Answer 12

technique used to separate molecules (e.g. pigments)

Answer 13

R_f = distance travelled by pigment/distance travelled by solvent

Answer 14

if the solvent is polar, the further the pigment travels, the more polar, and vice versa (like dissolves like)

Answer 15

* sufficient sample concentration * different polarities of sample fragments * sufficient sample amount

Answer 16

**C₃** (found in temperate climates) **C₄** (found in hot, dry climates) * additional ATP needed **C.A.M.** (found in arid, desert-like biomes) * additional ATP needed

Answer 17

* the process in which O₂ is binded to RuBP via rubisco instead of CO₂; causing only one PGA to form * reduces efficiency, and promotes water loss

Answer 18

1. CO₂ is fixed by synthesis with PEP, via PEP carboxylase, to form oxaloacetate (OAA) in the mesophyll cells. 2. OAA becomes malate, and is transported into the bundle-sheath cells. 3. Malate is decarboxylated and becomes pyruvate; carbon dioxide enters Calvin cycle. 4. Pyruvate is transported back into the mesophyll cells, is phosphorated, and becomes PEP.

Unit 2 - Metabolic Processes Flashcards

(42 cards)