Unit 2 - Neuro 3

Question 1

What causes Eastern and Western Equine Encephalomyelitis?

Answer 1

Alphavirusus - togaviridae

Question 2

What sylvantic hosts do EEE and WEE survive in during the winter months?

Answer 2

birds, small mammals, and reptiles

Question 3

What is the main vector for WEE and EEE?

Answer 3

mosquitos

Question 4

What else can transmit WEE?

Answer 4

ticks, assassin bug, and cliff swallow bug

Question 5

How else can EEE be transmitted?

Answer 5

via nasal secretions

Question 6

What is the peak season for transmission of EEE and WEE?

Answer 6

June to November

Question 7

What is the mortality rate for WEE?

Answer 7

25-50%

Question 8

What is the mortality rate for EEE?

Answer 8

50-70%

Question 9

What are the initial clinical signs of WEE and EEE?

Answer 9

Mild fever, stiffness

Question 10

What are the clinical signs 1-3 weeks post infection of WEE and EEE?

Answer 10

Mild fever, obtundation

Question 11

What clinical signs are associate with further progression of WEE and EEE infection?

Answer 11

Cerebrothalmic signs, compulsive walking, altered behavior, hyperesthesia, recumbency, death

Question 12

What cranial nerves does obtundation affect?

Answer 12

CN 7, 8, 9, 10, and 12

Question 13

How is EEE and WEE diagnosed?

Answer 13

Time of year + clinical signs, capture IgM ELISA, CSF, and post mortem

Question 14

What is the gold standard antemortem test for EEE and WEE?

Answer 14

Capture IgM ELISA

Question 15

How is EEE and WEE treated?

Answer 15

Non-specific supportive care (hydration, nutrition, ensuring urination and defecation), NSAIDs, and +/- steroids (controversial)

Question 16

How is EEE and WEE prevented?

Answer 16

appropriate vaccination (2 vaccine series with 6 mo and 1 year boosters) and mosquito control

Question 17

What is the etiologic agent of West Nile Viurs?

Answer 17

Flavivirus

Question 18

What is the reservoir host for WNV?

Answer 18

birds and wild vertebrates

Question 19

How does the WNV access the CNS?

Answer 19

It enters the CNS via hematogenous and transneural access via a disrupted BBB

Question 20

What is the peak season for WNV transmission?

Answer 20

July to October

Question 21

What are the clinical signs of WNV?

Answer 21

Weakness, ataxia, altered mentation, fever, muscle fasciculations, CN deficits, recumbency, paralysis of 1 or more limbs, and narcolepsy-like behavior

Question 22

What is the antemortem gold standard diagnosis for WNV?

Answer 22

IgM capture ELISA

Question 23

What will WNV look like at necropsy?

Answer 23

polioencephalomalacia

Question 24

How is WNV treated?

Answer 24

Non-specific supportive care (hydration, nutrition, ensuring urination and defecation), NSAIDs, and +/- steroids (controversial)

Question 25

How is WNV prevented?

Answer 25

appropriate vaccination (2 vaccine series with 4 mo and 1 year boosters) and mosquito control

Question 26

What are the initial clinical signs of tetanus?

Answer 26

stiff neck, trismus, rigid facial expression, and prolapse of nictitans membrane (3rd eyelid)

Question 27

What are the clinical signs 1-2 days post tetanus infection?

Answer 27

Generalized spasticity, sawhorse stance, elevated tail head, tonic muscle spasms, pharyngeal, laryngeal spasp, and dramatic fluctuations in HR

Question 28

How is tetanus diagnosed?

Answer 28

history, clinical signs, can gram stain wound, can submit wound exudate for toxin assay

Question 29

How is tetanus treated?

Answer 29

Clean and debride wound if present, treat infection, imuscle relaxation, neutralization of circulating toxin, ensure hydration, nutrition needs are met

Question 30

What is the prognsis for tetanus?

Answer 30

75% mortality rate in horses Poor prognosis if recumbent Usually stabilize in 2-7 days and then slowly improve

Question 31

How is tetanus prevented?

Answer 31

Initial 2 vaccines 3-6 weeks apart then yearly boosters. Re-booster before surgery, at the time of surgery

Question 32

What are the clinical signs of Botulism?

Answer 32

Tongue weakness, dysphagia, lethargy, muscle weakness, weak facial muscles, stilted hypometric gait, difficulty standing, and mydriasis, decreased PLR

Question 33

How is botulism diagnosed?

Answer 33

Clinical signs and you can test GI contents, feed, wound exudate etc. for toxin

Question 34

How do you differentiate between Botulism and Nigropallidal encephalomalacia infection?

Answer 34

Horses with botulism can't swallow, but horses with NE can

Question 35

How is Botulism treated?

Answer 35

Early administration of anti-toxin - it has minimal efficacy in recumbent horses, clinical signs may progress for 12-24 hours post administration Prophylactic antimicrobials in case of aspiration pneumonia Fluid and nutritional therapy

Question 36

What is the prognosis for botulism if not recumbent?

Answer 36

7-14 days for resolution of dysphagia and 1 month for resolution of full limb strength

Question 37

What is the prognosis for botulism if recumbent?

Answer 37

poor

Question 38

How is botulism prevented?

Answer 38

BoNT/B vaccine in endemic areas (3 part series administered 4 weeks apart and then once yearly)