Unit 2 Short Answers

Question 1

Define Contiental Drfift

Answer 1

Alfred Wegner’s theory states that 300 million years ago, Earth’s land masses collided to form one super continent called Pangaea, which broke apart 200 million years ago, causing continents to drift apart to their present locations.

Question 2

Define Subduction

Answer 2

Subduction occurs when an oceanic plate runs into a continental plate and slides beneath it.

Question 3

Define Uniformatarianism

Answer 3

What has happened in the past is happening today and continues to happen in the future

“The present is the key to the past.”

Question 4

Geologic Era Time Period

Cenozoic Era (Recent Life)

Answer 4

Began: 66 million of years ago
Ended: -

Question 5

Major Geological & Biological Events

Cenozoic Era (Recent Life)

Answer 5

Geological: Continents take on their present shape

Biological: Human beings develop

Question 6

Geologic Era Time Period

Mesozoic Era (Middle Life)

Answer 6

Began: 245 million of years ago
Ended: 66 million of years ago

Question 7

Major Geological & Biological Events

Mesozoic Era (Middle Life)

Answer 7

Geological: Formation of Rocky mountains begins

Biological: Age of reptiles, such as dinosaurs

Question 8

Geologic Time Period

Palezoic Era (Ancient Life)

Answer 8

Began: 570 million of years ago
Ended: 245 million of years ago

Question 9

Major Geological & Biological Events

Palezoic Era (Ancient Life)

Answer 9

Geological: Appalachians formed

Biological: First insects

Question 10

Geologic Time Period

Precambrian Era (Earliest Life)

Answer 10

Began: 4600 million of years ago
Ended: 570 million of years ago

Question 11

Major Geological & Biological Events

Precambrian Era (Earliest Life)

Answer 11

Geological: Precambrian shields, such as the Canadian Shield, Brazilian Shield, African Shield, and Australlian Shield are formed

Biological: First single-celled organisms

Question 12

How old is the Earth?

Answer 12

4.6 Billion years old

Question 13

Geologic Time vs Human Time

Answer 13

Geologic Time: Earth is 4.6 Billion years old

Human Time: Life expectancy is between 80-85.

10,000 years in Geological Time = 91 minutes in Human Time

Question 14

Who discovered Plate Tectonics?

Answer 14

Alfred Wegener

Question 15

Who furthered Plate Tectonics?

Answer 15

Tuzo Wilson

Question 16

What is Plate Tectonics?

Answer 16

Theory that states that Earth’s outer shell consists of plates that move causing Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Mountains and the Formation of New Crust

Question 17

What is the Four Pieces of evidence for Plate Tectonics. How are these pieces of evidence conected to Plate Tectonics

Answer 17

**Summary: **

1. Alfred Wegner observed the jigsaw fit of South America and Africa
2. Found fossils consistent across continents
3. Found mountains on both sides of the Atlantic
4. Discovered ice sheets covering parts of Africa, India, Australia, and Southern America 250 million years ago.

• Wegener’s evidence supports the theory of plate tectonics by illustrating how continents have moved and changed over millions of years, shaping the Earth’s geology and climate.

Question 18

What is the layers of the earth from the Outside to Inside

Answer 18

• Crust
• Upper Mantle
• Lower Mantle
• Outer Core
• Inner Core

Question 19

What in an Important Fact for Crust

Answer 19

Temperature: Around 22°C
State: Solid
Oceanic crust is made up of Iron

Question 20

What in an Important Fact for Mantle

Answer 20

(Upper Mantle)
Temperture : 1,400°C - 3,000°C
State: Liquid/Solid
Made up of Iron
(Lower Mantle)
Temperature : 3,000°C
State: Solid
Made up of Iron

Question 21

What in an Important Fact for Core

Answer 21

(Outer Core)
Temperature: 4,000°C-6,000°C
State: Liquid
Made up of Iron
(Inner Core)
Temperature: 5,000°C-6,000°C
State: Solid
Made up of Iron

Question 22

What is the Rock Cycle

Check Notes

Answer 22

Check Notes

Question 23

What is the Diagram of Plates (How Plates Recycle)

Check Notes

Answer 23

Check Notes

Question 24

Define Topography

Answer 24

The Earth’s surface features including vegetation, soils, and those features shaped by people

Question 25

What is a Region?

Answer 25

An area with certain characteristics that set it apart from other areas

Question 26

What is a Landform Region?

Answer 26

A part of the Earth with a unique set of Physical features that people often use to meet their needs

Question 27

Canada is made up of how many distinct types of landforms. What are these landforms?

Answer 27

3 Shiled, Highlands, Lowlands

Question 28

What are The Lanform Regions? | 5

Answer 28

* The Western Cordillera * The Interior Plains * The Canadian Shield * The Great Lakes -St. Lawrence Lowlands * The Appalachians

Question 29

**Describe The Western Cordillera**

Answer 29

**Physical Descripton:** Covers small parts of British Columbia, Alberta, Yukon, and the Northwest Territories. **Human Geography:** The region is very rich in resources such as coal deposits. Attracts many tourists for its mountain slopes and scenary

Question 30

**Describe The Interior Plains**

Answer 30

**Physical Description:** A large, wide-open area without mountains or trees. Made up of thick layers of soil (great for agriculture) **Human Geography:** large oil and gas deposits attract big buisnesses

Question 31

**Describe The Canadian Shield**

Answer 31

**Physical Description:** Formed in stages Volcanic eruptions raised mountains **Human Geography:** Farming is important in the southern areas of the shield. The population of area is scattered, but most people live in the southern parts

Question 32

**Describe The Great Lakes- St. Lawrence Lowlands**

Answer 32

**Physical Description:** Made up of Sedimentary Rock Much of the Region is covered with deep layers of soil **Human Geography:** 2/3 of Canada's population lives here, mostly in Greater Toronto area and Montreal

Question 33

**Describe The Appalachians**

Answer 33

**Physical Description:** Eastern provinces, and part of Quebec **Human Geography:** Fishing used to be a major industry but as faced many problems of late. Only 4 cities with population of 100,000 or more

Question 34

What are the Types of Rocks? | 3

Answer 34

Sedimentary Rock: Rocks usually formed in layers from the **compression** of sediments over millions of years Metamorphic Rock: Type of rock formed when **Igneous or Sedimentary Rock** is outsighted to **heat and pressure** Igneous Rock: Rock formed from the **cooling** of molten rock **(Magma/Lava)**

Question 35

What are the Types of Plate Boundaries?

Answer 35

1. Divergent Plate Boundary: This is where the plates move apart, new magma wells up to the surface, forming new crust. 2. Convergent Plate Boundary: Two plates come together. Usually one of the plates subducts (goes under) the other plate, creating a subduction zone. The crust at the leading edge of the subducting plate melts back to lava. 3. Transform Plate Boundary: This occurs when two plates rub against each other. This causes tremendous friction which is eventually released in the form of earthquakes. *Hotspots: An area where magma is being released and the "volcano" is not depended on the plate movement- "an ever erupting volcano"

Question 36

How was Alfred Wegeners Hypothesis of contiental drift lack?

Answer 36

It lacked a geological mechanism to explain how the continets could drift across the earth's surface

Question 37

From outer to inner layer of the earth list them

Answer 37

Crust Mantle Core

Question 38

Define Tsunami

Answer 38

A long, high sea wave caused by underwater earthquakes

Question 39

What is The Main features of Plate Tectonics | 4

Answer 39

* Earth's crust is broken into a series of plates (crustal plates) or peices * These plates are continually, moving, spreading from the center, sinking at the edges, and being regenerated * Convection currents beneath the plates move the crustal plates in different directions * The source of heat driving the convection currents is radioactivity deep in the **Earth's Mantle.**

Question 40

What are the two types of crust and describe them.

Answer 40

Oceanic Crust: Thin annd course (Thin & Dense) found at the bottom of the ocean. It is a compact, thin and heavy crust. Continetal Crust: Since it has been exposed to the atmosphere is bulkier (air) (Thick & Britle) and lighter than oceanic crust

Question 41

What is the similarity and difference between Magma and Lava

Answer 41

**Similarity:** They are melted molten rock **Difference:** * magma is below the earth's surface * lava is found on the earth's surface

Question 42

What is the order for the chart (Eras). which life are they?

Answer 42

Cenezoic (Recent) Mesozoic (Middle) Palezoic (Ancient) Precambrain (Earliest)

Question 43

# UNFINISHED *Earthquakes and Volacnoes- Causes, how they happen?*

Question 44

Review Plates Diagram

Answer 44

Check Notes