Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

LA Infectious Disease > Unit 2 - Small Ruminant Reproductive > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Small Ruminant Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common diagnosis for abortions?

A

Unknown cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What percentage of ovine abortions have a diagnosed cause?

A

30-50% - 70-80% of which are infectious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the ‘three’ most common causes of abortion?

A

Campylobacter jejuni and C. fetus
Toxoplasma gondii
Chlamydia abortus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When diagnosing the cause of abortion in small ruminants, what samples are important to submit?

A

The fetus and the placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the most common Campylobacter species that causes abortion in the US?

A

C. jejuni

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two strains of C. jejuni that cause abortions?

A

Hypervirulent and Sheep abortion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is C. jejuni carried?

A

In the intestinal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is C. jejuni transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Is Campylobacter abortion more common in sheep or goats?

A

Sheep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T/F: Sheep show non-specific signs of disease when infected with Campylobacter.

A

False - there are no premonitory signs of disease; the ewe isn’t sick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When does Campylobacter abortion happen?

A

In the last 6 weeks of gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Campylobacter abortion?

A

Campylobacter colonizes in the intestines and causes bacteremia. Bacteria gets to the placentomes resulting in placentitis and fetal infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What placental lesions does Campylobacter cause?

A

Non-specific: Yellowish foci on cotyledons to yellowish exudate covering the whole cotyledon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What other lesions does Campylobacter cause?

A

Necrotic foci on the liver in 40% of aborted lambs

Generalized autolysis of the fetus and blood-tinged edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is Campylobacter diagnosed?

A

Gross liver lesions
Darkfield or phase contrast of cotyledons, fetal stomach contents, and vaginal discharge
Culture
FA or IHC in some labs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the ‘treatment’ for Campylobacter abortion?

A

Draxxin or other long-acting macrolides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do you prevent Campylobacter infection?

A

Do not mix ewes when they are pregnant

Immunization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What species of Campylobacter do its bacterins contain?

A

C. fetus ss fetus and C. jejuni

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the protocol for Campylobacter immunization in ewe lambs and previously unimmunized ewes?

A

One dose pre-breeding

Second dose at 3-4 months of gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the protocol for Campylobacter immunization in previously immunized ewes?

A

One dose at 3-4 months of gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the etiologic agent of enzootic abortion?

A

Chlamydia abortus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When does infection for enzootic abortion occur? From what?

A

At any time from fecal-oral or from aborted fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the pathogenesis of enzootic abortion?

A

The organism usually stays in the intestine until the last trimester. During the last trimester, the organism enters the blood stream and infects the fetus.
Abortion typically occurs 30-40 days following infection (in pregnant ewes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

T/F: If a pregnant ewe is infected from an aborted fetus/vaginal discharge, she usually does not abort until the subsequent pregnancy.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Ewes and does may have _____ discharge 2-3 days before aborting due to Chlamydia.
yellowish
26
What does a Chlamydia infected placenta look like?
Cotyledons are necrotic, gray-brown in color with areas of leathery consistency
27
What lesions does Chlamydia cause in aborted fetuses?
Focal necrosis, hemorrhage, enlarged lymph nodes, ascites, and increased pleural fluid Not pathognomonic
28
How is Chlamydia diagnosed?
``` Gross lesions Exfoliative cytology IHC of impression smears or sections of cotyledons IIFA Serodiagnosis Culture ```
29
How do you treat/prevent chlamydia infection?
Feed tetracycline during the last semester | Immunization - killed bacterins in the US
30
Where is Toxoplasma gondii harbored?
In cats
31
Clinical signs/lesions from T. gondii are dependent upon when the fetus was infected. What occurs if the fetus is infected at 0-2 months?
Fetus is resporbed
32
Clinical signs/lesions from T. gondii are dependent upon when the fetus was infected. What occurs if the fetus is infected at mid-gestation?
Abortion
33
Clinical signs/lesions from T. gondii are dependent upon when the fetus was infected. What occurs if the fetus is infected in the last trimester?
Mummies, stillbirths, and weak lambs/kids
34
What is the preferred method for diagnosis of T. gondii?
Detecting antibody in pre-suckling blood or fetal fluids
35
What are other methods of T. gondii diagnosis?
Antibody in post-suckle blood Latex agglutination IHC Placental lesions
36
What placental lesions does T. gondii cause?
Focal necrosis and calcification of cotyledonary villi
37
How is T. gondii infection prevented?
Keep cats away from sheep feed
38
What Salmonella species cause salmonella abortions?
S. typhimurium, S. arizonae, S. dublin, and S. abortus-ovis (Europe)
39
How do ewes with Salmonella infections present?
They are sick
40
What lesions/CS does Salmonella cause?
Septicemia and placentitis | Dark vaginal discharge
41
what does Salmonella do to the fetus?
Autolyze
42
How is Salmonella diagnosed?
Selective media
43
How is Salmonella abortion treated?
Ampicillin
44
How is Salmonella abortion prevented?
Prevent crowding and poor sanitation | Immunization
45
What causes Border disease?
Pestivirus
46
What occurs if a ewe gets Border Disease at 0-70 days of gestation?
Fetal death, resorption, abortion, mummies | Immunotolerance - persistent infection
47
What occurs if a ewe gets Border Disease at 70-90 days of gestation?
Immune competence
48
What occurs if a ewe gets Border Disease between 90 and 147-151 (the end) days of gestation?
``` Congenital anomalies and weak lambs closer to the 90 mark normal lambs (later on) ```
49
What clinical signs are associated with Border Disease?
Barren ewes or ewes that give birth to weak and hairy lambs
50
What lesions does Border Disease cause in fetuses?
Cerebellar hypoplasia, hydrocephalus, and microgyra
51
How is Border disease diagnosed?
Histopath on aborted fetuses FA and virus isolation Serum neutralization
52
How is Border disease prevented/controlled?
Do not mix pregnant sheep and goats with cattle | +/- Exposure of replacement ewes before breeding
53
Is there a vaccination for Border Disease?
No
54
What does mucosal disease in PI border disease lambs cause?
Persistent diarrhea | Death in 3-14 days
55
What does Brucella ovis cause?
Ram epididymitis Late-term abortion, stillbirths, and weak lambs Necrotic and suppurative placentitis
56
How is Brucella ovis transmitted?
Venereally from ewes to rams
57
How is Brucella ovis infection diagnosed?
Serology or culture
58
T/F: Brucella ovis immunized rams are serologically positive.
True
59
Is B. mellitensis a problem for sheep or goats?
goats
60
Is Leptospiral abortion a problem in sheep or goats?
goats
61
What are the most common Leptospira serovars that cause abortions in goats?
Grippotyphosa and pomona
62
When does leptospiral abortion occur?
At the time of leptospiremia
63
What clinical disease does leptospira cause?
Icterus, hemoglobinuria, anemia, and fever
64
How is Leptospira infection diagnoseD?
Serology and histopath
65
T/F: Immunization for Leptospira is recommended for goats
True
66
What are the two phases of Coxiella burnetii infection?
Phase I - highly infectious and the most commonly isolated | Phase II - Antigenically distinct and less infectious
67
How is Coxiella burnetii spread?
Via the respiratory route among ruminants Discharge from reproductive tract Milk and urine
68
Is Coxiella burnetii infection more common in sheep or goats?
goats
69
How do Coxiella abortions present?
There are occasional outbreaks of weak lambs/kids and abortions
70
What does Coxiella do to the placenta?
Copious gray-brown exudate covering the placenta and inflammation of the intercotyledonary areas
71
How is Coxiella abortion diagnosed?
Lesions Gimenez- FA- or IHC- stained organisms PCR on placental tissue Q-Fever antibody test kit
72
Is there a vaccine for Coxiella?
Yes, but only in Europe
73
What causes arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly in small ruminants?
Infection in early gestation with Cache Valley Fever Virus
74
What is Cache Valley Fever Virus transmitted by?
Mosquitos
75
What lesions does Cache Valley Fever Virus cause?
Congenital AGH, poor muscle development, abortion, dystocia, weak lambs, and kids Back may be twisted or bent Jaw shortened
76
How is arthrogryposis/hydranencephaly prevented?
Avoid breeding during the mosquito season
77
T/F: Spider lambs are caused by a virus.
False - they are a result of a genetic defect, not due to a virus
78
What does caprine herpesvirus 1 cause?
Abortions with a fresh or autolyzed fetus | Necrosis and intranuclear inclusions in the liver, lungs etc
79
How is CHV-1 diagnosed?
VI, PCR, or IHC
80
What are some general practices for prevention of abortion in small ruminants?
Immunize: Campy, Chlamydia, and others if available Do not feed ewes on the ground Prevent contamination of feed Neuter cats and maintain a stable population Feeding CTC (chlortetracycline) the last 6 weeks of gestation House first lambing ewes and replacement ewes separately Do not mix groups of pregnant ewes Do not bed pregnant ewes with bedding from lambing areas Avoid stresses and crowding

LA Infectious Disease (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions