Unit 3 Flashcards by Kole Melton

T/F: Methylation leads to change in chromatine structure (histone mods), more condensed state is transcriptionally inactive (genes are “off”)

true

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shown by Avery to convert R type penumococcus to pathogenic S strain

transforming principle

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processing complex important in silencing gene activity at the translational level

RISC

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agent capable of causing breaks in cmsms

clastogen

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associated with epigenetic modifications observed during genomic imprinting

DNA methylation

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indicated that DNA might be self-complimentary

Chargaff’s rule

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bacteria with additional nutritional requirements relative to wild type

auxotroph

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integration event associated with lysogeny

prophage

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causes effective sterility in watermelons and bananas

triploidy

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used by Hershey and Chase to demonstrate that DNA was the genetic material

^32P

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involved in mutation observed in Fragile X Syndrome

trinucleotide repeats

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a form of genetic exchange in bacteria that involves the pickup of naked DNA by competent cells

transformation

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which stretch of DNA would be most stable?

one with all T/C

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In the fruitfly Drosophilia, how many Barr bodies would be present in an XXY female?

zero

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this was originally characterized in nematodes and associated with control of particular genes

RNA induced gene silencing

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T/F: At least 1/2 of all human genes are estimated to be microRNA targets

False, 1/3

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What mediates RNA interference?

micro-RNAs

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Pre-miRNAs undergo active transport from nucleus to cytoplasm where they are recognized by enzyme ‘____’, which reduces the pre-miRNA into a short-lived miRNA:miRNA duplex which is released and picked up by RISC.

Dicer

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T/F: miRNA:miRNA duplex which is released and picked up by RISC.

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Additions or losses of parts of the genome: on fertilization, the zygotes from this event will have a 2n+1 (trisomic) or 2n-1 (monosomic) chromosome complement

aneuploidy

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45, X

Turner Syndrome

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47; XXY

Klinefelter syndrome

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47, XYY

Double Y syndrome (prison)

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47, XXX

Triplo-X (Trisomy X) syndrome

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T/F: As the number of X chromosomes increases (e.g. 48, XXX; 49, XXXX) phenotypic problems increase

true

human autosomal aneuploidy is worse than sex cmsm aneuploidy?

true

T/F: all autosomal monosomies lead to inviability?

true

47, 21+

Down Syndrome

breaks and fusions which occur in nonhomologous chromosomes but do not affect gene expression.

reciprocal translocation

T/F: alternate segregation will produce balanced gametes, while adjacent segregation causes gene duplications and difficiencies in gametes

in a recip trans heterozygote, long arms of 2 acrocentrics joined together forms...

Robertsonian translocation

this cmsm is a combo of longer 9 cmsm and shorter 22 cmsm, and is seen in almost all cases of chronic myelogenous luekemia

Philadelphia cmsm (enzyme inhibitor developed to treat this cancer)

genetic complementation can be used to select for hybride cells in ___ medium

HAT (in hybrid cells, human cmsms are lost)

a strand break is introduced in the paired chromatids strand invasion occurs, with subsequent base-pairing of complementary strands ligation (new DNA synthesis) and branch migration occurs with the formation of a heteroduplex region This describes?

Holliday Model for Recombination

[A]=[T] and [C]=[G]

Chargaff's rules

associated with amplification of a trinucleotide repeat in DNA

Fragile X syndrome

Triticale is a useful agriculteral example

amphidiploid

proven in 1958 through use of CsCl density centrifugation

semiconservative DNA rep

a somatic mutational event observed in chronic myelogenous leukemia

reiprocal transolcation

plasmid that has acquired a part of the bacterial cmsm

F' factor

combines cmsm sets from different species

allopolyploidy

DNA picked up by a virus in one cell can be transferred to another cell when that virus infects it

transduction

exchange of DNA btwn a donor and a recipient cell connected by means of hairlike structures, the pili

conjugation

a bacteriophage adsorbs to a host bacteria in a liquid growth mediium. Before lysis, the infected cell is added to a suspension of cells and then plated on an agar plate to form a lawn. How many plaques are expected to result from this infection event?

T/F: heterozygosity for an inversion cmsm will result in a reduction in recombination frequency for genes located in the vicinity of the inversion

True

centromere not included in the inversion; also produces acentric and dicentric chromosomes.

peracentric inversion

centromere is included in the inversion; recombinant products have centromeres but still carry duplications and deletions.

pericentric inversion

. How many chromosomes would be found in somatic cells of an amphidiploid allohexaploid derived from three plants, one with N = 6, N= 8; N = 12?

In humans, Hunter Syndrome is a sex-linked recessive trait that shows complete penetrance. Two phenotypically normal parents produce a phenotypically normal daughter, a son with Hunter Syndrome, and a daughter with Hunter Syndrome. No other symptoms are evident. The origin of the affected daughter most likely resulted from: a) nondisjunction during meiosis I in the father; b) nondisjunction during meiosis I in the mother; c) nondisjunction during meiosis II in the father; d) nondisjunction during meiosis II in the mother; e) nondisjunction during meiosis in BOTH parents.

Which of the following are true? a) mutations causing a change in phenotype occur rarely; b) different genes mutate at different rates; c) disruption of gene function through mutation occurs at higher frequency than restoration of function through mutation; d) all of the above; e) none of the above.

an organism with wild-type growth requirements; will be able to grow on minimal medium

prototroph

T/F: in replica plating experiments, resistant cells are due to random mutation in original population, NOT physiological selection

true

T/F: bacterial chromosome not involved in F- to F+ conversion... conversion to prototroph (a- to a+) is a low frequency event…

True

Does Hfr transfer donor status to recipient cells?

What is the evidence that both F factor and bacterial chromosome are circular?

If both are circles, a single x-over integrates the entire F factor

when the F' factor replicates, it passes the bacterial gene AND the F factor genes to recipient cell...

sexduction

a genetic factor capable of integrating into the bacterial chromosome

episome (F factor)

gene transfer mediated by a virus

transduction

during this cycle, virus binds and injects genome, then replicates genome, then produces phage proteins, then packages phage genome and lysis host cell

lytic life cycle

phage capable of integration into host cell genome

lysogenic response...damage to host cell DNA will cause virus to "bail out" and enter lytic cytle

transfer of genetic material due to integration of a lysogenic phage into the host genome… e.g. lambda bacteriophage

specialized transduction

phage classification: kill the host…will always undergo a lytic infection cycle

virulent phage

cell capable of picking up DNA

competant cell

Capable of moving information within and between genomes…

trasposable elements

Euk cmsms is composed of ________?

1/3 DNA and 2/3 protein (1/3 histone and 1/3 non-histone)

T/F: DNA was transforming principle with mice tests

true (Hershey-Chase experiment in 1952 confirmed)

used to demonstrate that replication does proceed bidirectionally

autoradiography

substrates of DNA rep

primer strand with free 3' OH group and deoxynucleotide trisphosphate

products of DNA rep

extended chain and pyrophosphate

Requirements for DNA polymerase:

primer with free 3' OH group, dNTPs, and template strand

helicase/SSB protein bind at ?

rep fork

major replication enzyme in E. coli

DNA Pol 3

transposon that uses an RNA intermediate

retrotransposon

______ in microorganisms (e.g. plasmids) can be used to propagate that DNA within individual cells...

Autonomously replicating genetic elements

what are the properties of restriction endonucleases?

have a specific recognition sequence (e.g 4-6 bp) many enzymes have palindromic recognition sites… DNA cut with these enzymes is broken within the strand (endonuclease) some of the enzymes leave a single strand overhang (‘sticky end’)

what are the important properties of plasmids?

origin of replication restriction sites to introduce DNA means of selection for introducing plasmid into bacterial cell

Vectors that are hybrids between plasmids and lambda phage can replicate in a cell like a plasmid or be packaged like a virus they can carry larger DNA inserts than plasmids

cosmids

Unit 3 Flashcards

(77 cards)