Unit 3 AOS 2 Memory Flashcards
(29 cards)
Encoding
conversion of sensory information into a usable form so that it can be neurologically represented and stored in the brain
Storage
Retention of the encoded info over time
Retrieval
Recovery of stored information for use when needed
Atkinson-shiffron multistore model of memory
- The atkinson-shiffron multistore model of memory was developed in 1968 by Richard Shiffrin
- It considers memory as a system with three distinct stores which interact to endoce, store and retrieve information.
- The Atkinson- shiffron multi-store model of memory outlines three seperate stores of memory:
- Sensory memory
- short-term memory
- long-term memory
Sensory memory:
- Can be described as the entry point for memory as all information that is later stored must first be detected by your senses
- It is a store of memory which very briefly stores raw information detected by all senses
- Information is an exact replica of that which is in your environment, meaning that it has not yet been encoded into a form recognised by the brain
- It has unlimited capacity- there is no limit to how much it can hold
- it has a brief duration which varies between 0.2 to 4 seconds
- While our sense can hold a fairly unlimited amount of information, we do not pay attention to all of this information
- We are not consciously aware of most information in our sensory memory, it is only when we attend to it that we become consciously aware of it.
- If sensory memory is not attended to, then it is completely lost
Visual information →
Iconic memory (can ‘see’ an icon)
Auditory information→
Echoic memory (Echo=can hear)
Iconic memory:
- All visual information goes into the visual sensory register in its origional sensory form
- Storage capacity- unlimited
- Storage duration-0.3-0.4 seconds
Echoic memory:
- All auditory information goes into the hearing sensory register in its original sensory form
- Storage capacity- unlimited
- strorage duration 3-4 seconds
Short term memory:
- Is a store of memory that holds a limited amount of information that is conciously being attended to and actively manipulated
- the information in your STM can come from both your sensory and long term memory
- Information from your sensory memory, which you have paid attention to will move into your STM
- Information from your long-term memory that you can retrive can also move to your consious awarness and exist within your STM
- It is where all consius learning, percieving, feeling, thinking, reasoning and other mental processes takes place
- STM has limited capacity of 7+/-2 items (5-9 items). This refers to the number of items that can be worked on at a given time
- STM has a limited duration of 18-30seconds
- Individuals can rehearse information by repeating it or linking it to other pieces of info that were priviosuly lerant
Chuncking:
- Is a process of combining small pieces of information into larger groups of infromation (chunks). These chuncks are more meaningful
Rehearsal:
- Two types: manitenance and elaboratve rehearsal
- Maintenance: Repetition. This type of rehearsal does not hcange or add new meaning to the info
- Elaborative: Transferring infromation to long term memory. Existing information already in storage in a meaningful way
Long term memory:
- The human brain has the capacity to hold a potentially unlimited amount of information
- Long term memory (LTM) is a store of memory in which a potentially unlimited amount of information is stored for a relatively permanent amount of time
- This information is further processed into different types of LTM and organised in different parts of the brain
Explanatory power of model of memory:
Strengths:
- The model distinguishes between the different stores involved in memory
- The model outlines that each memory store has different capacity and duration
Explanatory power of model of memory:
Limitations:
- STM is more complex than the model suggests.
- The model ignores factors such as motivation and strategy, which can facilitate learning and assist in encoding info from STM to LTM
What happens when you remove the hippocampus:
- seizures stopped
- IQ improved
- Memory was not working
- Unable to form new memories
- memory formation involves different immediate steps
- Declarative memory is different from procedural memory
Long term memory are categorized into two types:
- Implicit
- Explicit
Explicit memory:
A type of long-term memory that is consciously retrieved
- These memories can be voluntarily retrieved from long term memory and brought into conscious awareness
- They are known as declarative memories as they can be declared or stated to someone else
- There are two types of explicit memories: Semantic memory, episodic memory
Explicit memory- Semantic memory
Is a type of explicit memory that consists of general knowledge of facts. These memories are declarative in that they can be verbally explained to others.
Example: There are seven continents
Explicit memory- episodic
Episodic memory
Is a type of explicit memory that consists of personal experiences or events. These memories are unique to each individual and their own personal experiences.
Example: failing driving test
Hippocampus:
Itconverts short-term memories into long-term memories by organizing, storing and retrieving memories within your brain
Hippocampus- Key words
- Formation of explicit
- Consolidation
- Encoding
Amygdala:
Your amygdala is a small part of your brain, but it has a big job. It’sa major processing center for emotions. It also links your emotions to many other brain abilities, especially memories, learning and your senses. When it doesn’t work as it should, it can cause or contribute to disruptive feelings and symptoms.
Amygdala- words:
- Emotional
- Encoding
- Strengthening- consolidation
