Define organelles
Small organs within a cell that all have specialised functions.
Define cell theory.
All living things are made up or cells or cell products.
Define cytosol, cytoplasm, protoplasm.
Cytosol- a fluid in the cell
Cytoplasm- gel-like substance consisting of cytosol + organelles (not nucleus)
Protoplasm- cytoplasm + nucleus
Define Cell membrane.
A thin membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell and keeps all the pieces inside
What molecules is the cell membrane made out of?
Phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, carbohydrates
Define nucleus
Controls cell function and contains plans for protein synthesis. Acts like the “brain” of the cell.
Define nuclear pores.
Large protein complexes that cross the nuclear envelope.
Define nuclear envelope.
A two layered membrane that contains the nucleus and separates the nucleus from other cell organelles.
Define mitochondrion.
An organelle, referred to as the “power house” of the cell. It generates energy the cells need to function.
Define Golgi apparatus
Stores, packages and modifies organic molecules (proteins & lipids)
Define lysosomes.
Hold enzymes that were created by the cell.
Define ribosomes
A protein builder.
Found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
Define chloroplast.
Food producers of a plant cell, and they work to convert light into energy (photosynthesis).
Define plastids.
Organelles in the cytoplasm of plant cells, containing food or pigment.
Define cell wall.
Gives structure to plants, fungi and bacterial cells. Made up of cellulose.
Define Cytoskeleton
Provides structure and support to the cell, and assists w/ the movement of the cell and the materials inside.
Define centrosomes and centrioles.
A centrosomes consists of two centrioles. Key role in mitosis.
Define endoplasmic reticulum.
In both plants and animals.
A network of tubules and flattened sacs that serve a variety of functions in the cell.
Define Rough ER
Ribosomes attached give it a “rough” look.
Important for synthesis and packaging of proteins.
Define smooth ER.
Acts as a storage organelle, and important in the creation and storage of lipids and steroids.
What is a eukaryotic cell?
(Plants, animals, fungi, Protista)
They are “classic” cells w/ a nucleus and ribosomes.
Have membrane-bound organelles.
Cells that can do anything
What are prokaryotic cells?
(Monera)
Single cell organism w/ no membrane-bound organelles and no nucleus.
Have ribosomes.
Define biomacromolecules.
A molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as protein, nucleus acid, carbohydrates and lipids.
Define monomers.
(Aka subunits) The building blocks of molecules
Define polymers.
A large molecule built up from monomers.
Define INTRAmolecular bonds.
Chemical bonds formed w/ molecules.
Define INTERmolecular bonds.
Chemical bonds formed between molecules.
Define polymerisation.
Small molecules can join together to make very long molecules called polymers.
Define monosaccharide.
Sugars that cannot be broken down to give a simpler sugar.
Define polysaccharide.
A complex form of sugar built from many monosaccharides.
E.g. Glycogen (poly) is built from units of glucose (mono)
Levels of protein structure.
- Primary structure (amino acid sequence)
- Secondary structure
- Pleated sheet
- Tertiary structure
- Quaternary structure
Apoptosis process.
- Cells damage/stressed, begin apoptosis
- Cell begins to shrink and form blebs. Proteins activated to break down cellular components
- Enzymes break down the nucleus and cell emits signals to attract macrophages.
- Cell breaks into small pieces containing the cell components and nucleus.
- Macrophages recognise the cell parts and removes then from the body.
What are lipids?
Molecules that include fats, waxes, steroids, phospholipids and glycolipids.
3 important functions of lipids:
Energy storage, structural and transmission of chemical signals within and between cells.
What are proteins?
Large, complex molecules that do most of the work in cells. Required for structure, function and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs.
What are nucleic acids?
Store information in a chemical code (DNA, RNA) which consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.
What are carbohydrates?
Compounds which provide energy to living cells.