Unit 3 - GI Lecture 2

Question 1

What can cause hyperplastic/neoplastic lesions?

Answer 1

parapoxvirus infection and papillomavirus infection

Question 2

What specifically does parapoxvirus cause?

Answer 2

bovine papular stomatitis and Orf (contagious ecthyma, sore mouth)

Question 3

What does papillomavirus infection cause in the oral cavity?

Answer 3

viral induced oral papillomas

Question 4

What species are commonly affected by parapoxvirus infection?

Answer 4

sheep, goats

Question 5

What age is typically affected by parapoxvirus infection?

Answer 5

generally young animals

Question 6

What clinical signs are associated with parapoxvirus infection?

Answer 6

pustular, crusting and proliferative lesions on the non-woolled/non-haired areas of the skin and occasionally in the mouth and esophagus

Question 7

True or False: Parapoxvirus infection is not contagious

Answer 7

FALSE

Question 8

What species are commonly affected with viral papillomas?

Answer 8

dogs and cattle

Question 9

What age is typically affected with viral papillomas?

Answer 9

generally young animals

Question 10

What clinical signs are associated with papillomavirus infection?

Answer 10

single to multiple cauliflower-like masses on the lips and gums

Question 11

What is the outcome of papillomavirus infection?

Answer 11

spontaneously recover following the development of immunity

Question 12

What are the differentials for oral mass-like lesions?

Answer 12

inflammatory, hyperplasia, neoplasia

Question 13

How does inflammation lead to an oral-mass like lesion?

Answer 13

mass due to an influx of inflammatory cells and the production of granulation tissue or fibrosis

Question 14

What is oral hyperplasoa often secondary to?

Answer 14

periodontal disease or malocclusion, certain drigs, genetic, viral induced

Question 15

What benign neoplasms are commonly found in the oral cavity?

Answer 15

peripheral odontogenic fibroma and epulides

Question 16

What malignant neoplasias are commonly found in the oral cavity?

Answer 16

squamous cell carcinoma, fibrosarcoma, malignant melanoma, acanthomatous ameloblastoma

Question 17

What clinical signs are associated with oral masses?

Answer 17

facial swelling, excessive salivation, anorexia, weight loss, dysphagia, halitosis, and masses

Question 18

What is dysphagia?

Answer 18

difficulty in swallowing

Question 19

How can puncture wounds lead to inflammatory masses?

Answer 19

puncture wounds cause a deep seeded bacterial infection which leads to an inflammatory mass

Question 20

What signs are associated with infectious inflammatory lesions?

Answer 20

fever, inflammatory leukogram

Question 21

What are some examples of oral masses due to hypersensitivity reactions?

Answer 21

canine and feline oral eosinophilic granulomas

Question 22

What is wooden tongue caused by?

Answer 22

Actinobacillus lignieresii

Question 23

What does Actinobacillus lignieresii cause?

Answer 23

pyogranulomatous to granulomatous inflammation

Question 24

What are the causes of focal to multifocal gingival hyperplasia?

Answer 24

chronic irritation or viral infection

Question 25

What are the causes of diffuse gingival hyperplasia?

Answer 25

drug administration or inherited

Question 26

What is the prognosis if an animal has a peripheral odontogenic fibroma?

Answer 26

good - they are present on the gingiva and are easily excised by surgical excision

Question 27

What are some gross indicators that an oral mass is more likely benign?

Answer 27

well-demarcated, surface not ulcerated, underlying bone non soft/lytic, adjacent teeth are not loose/absent

Question 28

What oral masses are common in cats?

Answer 28

squamous cell carcinomas

Question 29

What are the common sites of oral masses in cats?

Answer 29

tongue and gingiva

Question 30

What are the common oral masses in dogs?

Answer 30

squamous cell carcinoma, dibrosarcoma, acanthomatous ameloblastoma, malignant melanoma

Question 31

The oral and pharyngeal mucosa is the ___ most common site of malignant tumors in the dog?

Answer 31

4th

Question 32

What are the common sites of canine and feline oral squamous cell carcinomas?

Answer 32

tonsils (dogs), gingiva, lips, tongue

Question 33

Squamous cell carcinomas in the tonsils of the dog are extra nasty, nasty, or so-so?

Answer 33

extra nasty

Question 34

What is the behavior of squamous cell carcinomas in the tonsils of dogs?

Answer 34

they are locally invasive and metastasize early and often

Question 35

Squamous cell carcinomas in the tongues of dogs and cats are extra nasty, nasty, or so-so?

Answer 35

nasty

Question 36

What is the behavior of squamous cell carcinomas in the tongues of dogs and cats?

Answer 36

locally invasive, frequently recur, regional lymph node metastasis is common (in the dog only)

Question 37

Squamous cell carcinomas in the gingiva of the dog and cat are extra nasty, nasty, or so-so?

Answer 37

so-so

Question 38

What is the behavior of squamous cell carcinomas in the gingiva of cats and dogs?

Answer 38

locally invasive, often invades bone, difficult to completely excise, frequent local recurrence (metastasis ranges from 5-10% in dogs, 13-28% in cats)

Question 39

What gross indicators that an oral mass may be malignant?

Answer 39

poorly-demarcated, surface is ulcerated, underlying bone is soft/lytic, adjacent teeth are loose/abscent

Question 40

What is the most common oral malignancy in dogs?

Answer 40

malignant melanomas

Question 41

What are the common sites for malignant melanoma in dogs?

Answer 41

gingiva and lips - may not be black

Question 42

What is the bilogical behavior of canine oral malignant melanomas?

Answer 42

locally invasive, frequently recur, may invade bone, and metastasis is common

Question 43

What are the common sites for oral fibrosarcoma?

Answer 43

maxilla and mandible of large, purebred dogs

Question 44

What is the biological beavior of oral fibrosarcomas?

Answer 44

locally invasive, frequently recur, often invades bone, metastasis is relatively uncommon

Question 45

What is the origin of acanthomatous ameloblastoma?

Answer 45

odontogenic epithelium

Question 46

What are the common sites of acanthomatus ameloblastomas?

Answer 46

macilla and mandible

Question 47

What is the biologic behavior of acanthomatous ameloblastomas?

Answer 47

locally invasive, will infiltrate into bone, not reported to metastasize

Question 48

What is the prognosis for most oral malignancies?

Answer 48

poor

Question 49

What are the classes of diseases of the esophagus?

Answer 49

congenital/developmental obstructive/traumatic erosive/ulcerative, exudative lesions mass lesions

Question 50

What can cause erosive/ulcerative, exudative lesions?

Answer 50

viral and reflux esophagitis

Question 51

What can cause mass lesions in the esophagus?

Answer 51

inflammation, hyperplasia, neoplasia

Question 52

What is megaesophagus?

Answer 52

abnormal dilation of esophagus due to a lack of normal contraction

Question 53

What clinical signs are associated with megaesophagus?

Answer 53

post-prandial regurgitation

Question 54

What are the two types of megaesophagus?

Answer 54

congenital and acquired

Question 55

What are the causes of congenital megaesophagus?

Answer 55

genetic or persistent right aortic arch

Question 56

What breeds are predisposed to genetic congenital megaesophagus?

Answer 56

Great danes, Irish setters, Newfoundlands, German Shepards, Shar pei, Labrador retrievers, Siamese cats, Thoroughbred colts

Question 57

What causes genetic congenital megaesophagus in wire-haired fox terriers?

Answer 57

autosomal recessive traits

Question 58

What causes genetic congential megaesophagus in miniature schnauzers?

Answer 58

autosomal dominant traits

Question 59

What is likely the cause of genetic congenital megaesophagus?

Answer 59

incomplete nerve development in the esophagus

Question 60

What is acquired megaesophagus?

Answer 60

neuromuscular disease leading to weakness of the esophageal musculature

Question 61

What are the types of acquired megaesophagus?

Answer 61

primary idiopathic acquired and secondary acquired megaesophagus

Question 62

What does secondary acquired megaesophagus result from?

Answer 62

another disease causing neuromuscular weakness

Question 63

What other diseases can cause secondary acquired megaesophagus?

Answer 63

Myasthenia gravis, hypoadrenocorticism, polymyositis, polyradiculoneuritis, lead poisoning, systemic lupus, erthematosus, dysautonomia idiopathic

Question 64

What is the important sequela to all types of megaesophagus?

Answer 64

aspiration pneumonia

Question 65

Is vomiting an active or passive process?

Answer 65

active

Question 66

Is regurgitation an active or passive process?

Answer 66

passive

Question 67

What does megaesiphagus lead to?

Answer 67

post-prandial regurgitation

Question 68

What is choke?

Answer 68

obstruction or impaction of the esophagus

Question 69

What is choke due to?

Answer 69

ingestion of large, inadequately chewed food or masses of fibrous ingesta

Question 70

What may choke lead to?

Answer 70

pressure necrosiis and ulceration of the esophageal mucosa

Question 71

What can ingestion of sharp objects lead to?

Answer 71

penetrations which cause a periesophageal infection which may follow the facial planes to the mediastinum thus causing pleuritis

Question 72

What viruses cause viral esophagitis in cattle?

Answer 72

mucosal disease (BVD), Malignant Cattarrhal Fever (MCF). Rhinderpest

Question 73

Where are lesions localized due to mucosal disease (BVD) in cattle?

Answer 73

muzzle, oral cavity, esophagus, rumen, abomaasum, intestine, colon

Question 74

Where lesions localized due to Malignant Catarrhal fever in cattle?

Answer 74

muzzle, oral cavity, esophagus, rumen, abomaasum, intestine, colon

Question 75

Where are lesions localized due to Rhinderpest in cattle?

Answer 75

oral cavity, esophagus, abomasum, intestine, colon

Question 76

What is reflux esophagitits?

Answer 76

reflux of gastric acid, pepsin, and bile salts onto the stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus can lead to ulceration

Question 77

What may reflux esophagitis be associated with?

Answer 77

chronic vomiting or a hiatal hernia

Question 78

What may reflux esophagitis lead to?

Answer 78

erosive/ulcerative esophagitis with eventual stricture

Question 79

What is the pathogenesis of a Spirocerca lupi infection?

Answer 79

1. K-9 ingests L3 2. Larvae penetrate the gastic mucosa and migrate to the thoracic aorta 3. larvae migrate from the aorta to the esophagus 4. mature into adults and invoke the development of esophageal fibroplasia/granulomas

Question 80

What are the consequences of Spirocerca lupi aortic migration?

Answer 80

aortic scarring leading to aneurysms

Question 81

What are the consequences of Spirocerca lupi causing esopheal fibroplasia/granuloma?

Answer 81

neoplastic transformation to fibrosarcoma or osteosarcoma

Question 82

What are the clinical signs associated with esophageal fibroplasia/granuloma?

Answer 82

regurgitation, vomiting, decreased food intake, weight loss, emaciation

Question 83

What are the common diseases of the forestomachs?

Answer 83

traumatic reticuloperitonitis, grain overload, bloat, and rumenitis

Question 84

What is Traumatic reticuloperitonitis also known as?

Answer 84

hardware disease

Question 85

What is traumatic reticuloperitonitis caused by?

Answer 85

perforation of the reticulum by a metallic foreign body

Question 86

What does localized release of the reticulum contents lead to?

Answer 86

abscessation/adhesions

Question 87

What does extensive release of reticulum contents lead to?

Answer 87

peritonitis

Question 88

What does migration of the non-sterile object into the thoracic cavity lead to?

Answer 88

pleuritis/pericarditis

Question 89

What can precipitate traumatic reticuloperitonitis?

Answer 89

increased abdominal pressure in late pregnancy or at parturition

Question 90

What clinical signs are associated with traumatic reticuloperitonitis?

Answer 90

1. sudden drop in milk production 2. Depression, loss of appetitie, and weight loss 3. Stretched head and neck 4. Reluctance to walk, arched back and tucked up abdomen 5. Mild rumen bloat 6. Audible grunt in early stages 7. Elevated temperature

Question 91

What is grain overload also known as?

Answer 91

rumen acidosis

Question 92

What is the amount of a feed required to produce grain overload dependent on?

Answer 92

the type of grain

Question 93

How are the cereal grains ranked in their propensity to cause grain overload?

Answer 93

wheat > barley > corn > oats > sorghum

Question 94

What is the pathogenesis of rumen acidosis?

Answer 94

1. Ingest excessive amounts of readily fermentable carbohydrates 2. Bacterial fermentation 3. Increased production of acids 4. Ruminal pHd drops to below 5 5. Gram negative flora and protozoa die 6. Rapid proliferation of gram-positive, lactic acid producing bacteria 7. rumen pH 4.5-4 8a. rumen atonoy 8b. systemic dehydration 8c. systemic acidosis 8d. cardiovascular collapse, shock, and death

Question 95

What gross lesions are associated with grain overload?

Answer 95

abundant grain and fluid in the rumen

Question 96

How do you diagnose grain overload?

Answer 96

check pH

Question 97

What histological features are seen with grain overload?

Answer 97

vacuolar degeneration of epithelium with focal microabscesses

Question 98

At necropsy how do you diagnose grain overload?

Answer 98

histopath, wet mounts, and gram stain

Question 99

What are the sequella to grain overload?

Answer 99

bacterial/mycotic rumenitis or hepatic necrobacillosis