—–Cl
Chloro
——CN
Cyano
——-OH
Hydroxy
——-SH
Mercapto
———NO2
Nitro
———F
Fluoro
———Br
Bromo
———NH2
Amino
——I
Iodo
Phenyl
Two carbon carbonyl
Acet-
One carbon carbonyl
Form-
C—–OH
Alcohol
-ol
C——–SH
Thiol
-thiol
——O——-
Ether
alkoxy- group attached to parent chain
——-N——-
Amine
-amine
N—–C===O
Amide
-amide
Naming Thiol
IUPAC/Common
IUPAC: Add th ename thiol to the longest alkane chain
No common name
2 - methyl 1 - propanethiol
Naming Ether
IUPAC/Common name
IUPAC: the shorter alkyl group and the oxygen are named as an alkoxy group attached to the longer alkane.
Common: Name both alkyl group attached to the oxygen followed by the word ether.
Methyl propyl ether / 1 - methoxy propane
Naming Aldehydes
IUPAC/ Common name
IUPAC: Change the “e” ending of the longest alkane chain to “al” . No numbering
Common name: formaldehyde and acetaldehyde
Methanal Formaldehyde
Naming Ketone
IUPAC/Common name
IUPAC: Change the “e” ending of the longest alkane chain to “ one ”
Common name: both alkyl groups attached to the oxygen followed by the word ketone. It is very similar to ether
2 - pentanone / methyl propyl ketone
Naming carboxylic acid
IUPAC/Common name
IUPAC: Find the l ongest chain containing the carboxyl group, and change the “ - e ” ending of the parent alkane to “ - oic acid ”.
Common name: formic acid and acetic acid
Methanoic acid / Formic acid
Naming Easters
IUPAC/Common name
IUPAC : Two name part. Name the group bonded to the oxygen atom as an alkyl group Name the group bonded to the C double O ( C=O) by changing the “ - ic acid” ending of the parent carboxylic acid to the suffix “ - ate”.
Common name: formate (methanoate) and acetate (ethanoate)
Methyl methanoate / Methyl Formate
Esterification
Carboxylic acid + alcohol → ester + H2O
Oxidation
Loss Of Hydrogen
Gain Of Oxygen
Oxidation/Reduction of primary alcohols
Alkane → Primary Alcohol → Aldehyde → Carboxylic Acid
Carbon oxygen single bonds
- Alcohols
- Phenols
- Ethers
Solubility of Aldehydes and ketones
1-4 carbons=soluble in water
Oxidation of secondary alcohols
Alkene → Secondary Alcohol → Ketone
Amidation
Carboxylic Acid + NH3/NH2/NH → NH—C=O (Amide) + H2O