Unit 4 - Global governance Flashcards
What is the definition of ‘globalisation’?
The increasing interaction between people and places at a global scale due to advances in transport and communications.
What is a ‘trading bloc’?
A group of countries within a geographical region that trade together and protect themselves from imports from other countries, for example with the use of import tariffs.
What is the definition of ‘glocalisation’?
Where products and services are distributed globally but have been adapted to meet local needs, for example McDonalds introduced the ‘Chicken Maharaja Mac’ to meet local tastes in India.
What are the 4 types of globalisation?
- economic
- social
- political
- cultural
Give examples of economic globalisation.
The growth of MNCs and the movements of materials, goods and investments around the globe.
The development of ICT, allowing easy global communication and data transfer.
Give examples of social globalisation.
International migration and multi-ethnic cities.
Increasing social interconnectivity due to technology.
Give examples of political globalisation.
Growth of trading blocks (eg the EU), global organisations (eg the World Bank) and global governance issues (eg use of the oceans) and free trade.
Give examples of cultural globalisation.
Spread of ‘western’ and increasingly non-western culture, such as food and fashion.
Growth of glocalisation and hybridisation of cultures.
Increase in social media, allowing the spread of ideas.
What does globalisation result in?
The 4 types of globalisation are interconnected, creating global systems in which many people and goods can travel quickly over long distances.
Globalisation results in people and places being connected to form a network.
What are the 4 types of global flow?
- Goods
- Money
- People
- Technology and ideas
What is meant by ‘goods’ being a type of global flow?
The global demand for raw materials, food and manufactured goods has increased, especially with the growth of emerging economies like India and China.
What is meant by ‘money’ being a type of global flow?
Large amounts are transacted via stock exchanges around the world.
MNCs based in one country invest in areas in other parts of the world.
What is meant by ‘people’ being a type of global flow?
International migration has increased so that 3.5% of the worlds population are international migrants.
International tourism has increased; this has been helped by tourists from emerging economies - China was the biggest spender on tourism in 2017 ($258 billion)
What is meant by ‘technology and ideas’ as being a type of global flow?
Fast internet speeds, social media and mobile phones allow data and points of view to transfer and spread rapidly.
What are the 2 classes of migrants?
Internal migrants
International migrants
What is an internal migrant?
Someone who moves to a new place within the same country: this may be voluntary or forced, ie internally displaced people.
What is an international migrant, and what are the 2 types?
International migrant - someone who moves from one country to another, these can be classified as:
Economic migrants - Those who move voluntarily in search of work and a better quality of life.
Refugees - Those forced to move due to fear of persecution, or death from conflict of natural hazards.
What continents are the origin of most international migrants?
Asia and Europe (62%)
Which country has the largest born population living elsewhere?
India
What 3 factors create a shrinking world for migrants?
Transport
Communication
Media
How does transport create a shrinking world for migrants?
The travel time between places has decreased, which means distance has decreased in significance and is less of an obstacle to migration.
For example, the developement of high-speed railways encourages internal and international migration.
The growth of cheap air travel allows more people to move.
How does communication help create a shrinking world for migrants?
The growth in mobile phone ownership an internet access allows more people to find out about opportunities in other places, encouraging migration.
It is easier for migrants to stay in contact with family and friends in the country of origin, so there is less fear of isolation for a potential migrant.
How does the media create a shrinking world for migrants?
Increasing access to media can show potential migrants the attractions of moving to a different country.
Social media can establish groups that encourage and help migrants, for example migrants in the Netherlands are linked to facebook groups that help with language and integration.
Social media allows communication with home.
What is the definition of ‘extreme’ poverty?
Extreme poverty is described by the World Bank as living on an income of less that US$1.90 a day.
What is a primary commodity?
An unprocessed material that is extracted or harvested. Examples include food, minerals and energy resources.
What are the 3 main factors driving international out-migration?
Poverty
Primary commodity prices
Poor access to markets within global systems
How is poverty a factor driving international out-migration?
- People living in extreme poverty and unable to afford basic needs migrate in search for a better quality of life
- Relative poverty - while people in some countries can have an acceptable income compared with those in extreme poverty, they migrate to countries where incomes are higher, for example over 1 million Poles have migrated to the UK.
How are primary commodity prices driving international out migration?
- Many developing countries depend on a few primary commodities for export revenues
- Prices can vary up to 50% in a single year due to factors such as yield and demand
- Low prices result in a lack of investment in services such as schools and healthcare
- Producers may not make enough to be able to afford basic needs
- Vulnerability to fluctuating prices and the lack of investments in services can encourage people to migrate
Why might primary commodity prices be low?
Overproduction - if too much is grown and the yield is high, the excess supply pushes the prices down
Poor governance -can result in failure to get fair trading deals as MNCs take advantage or force down prices
How can poor access to markets within global systems drive international out-migration?
Trade blocs, such as the EU, protect their own producers by putting import tariffs on goods imported from outside the bloc. This makes it harder for countries outside the bloc to sell their produce unless the price is reduced.
High-income counties can support their own producers with subsidies, which means that other producers have to sell at lower prices to compete.
The lack of income from being unable to sell or having to sell at lower prices can encourage migration.
What is a diaspora community?
A large group of people with a similar heritage or homeland who have migrated to different parts of the world.
A diaspora includes both migrants and their descendants.
What are the 3 main recent drivers of migration?
The development of diaspora communities
Colonial and Commonwealth links
Legislation permitting freedom and movement
How is the development of diaspora communities a driver of migration?
Migrants can be attracted to areas where people from the same country of origin already live. This can be advantageous because -
- help is given to support new arrivals
- there is the possibility of employment within the community
- there is access to service for the cultural needs of the community, for example religious buildings or shops
India has the largest diaspora population with almost 20 million living abroad.
How are colonial and commonwealth links a driver of migration?
Migrants from former colonies are attracted to the former ruling country because -
- a large diaspora community may already exist
- familiarity with the culture and language make it easier to integrate
- they are encouraged by the former ruling nation to fill gaps in the labour force, for example the ‘windrush generation’, who were encouraged after WW2 to move from the Caribbean to live and work in the UK
How is legislation permitting freedom of movement a driver of migration?
Parts of the world allow free movement of migrants between countries
The EU allows free movement of labour. Large numbers have migrated from Eastern Europe to the UK, France and Germany
The Mercosur Residence Agreement allows nationals of nine South American countries to live and work in other member countries
What is a ‘superpower’?
A country that can exert influence and power (consisting of economic and military ‘hard power’) at a global scale
A country than can exert such an influence over its neighbours but not globally is a regional superpower.
Why are superpowers seen as an attractive destination for migrants?
- the involvement in world affairs (eg USA with international aid, military power, economic influence, spread of culture and media)
- many european countries have had colonies in different continents, familiarity results in migrants from former colonies moving to the former governing country
- china is now the worlds largest economy, with its FDI having an increasing global impact
The perceived opportunities of a better quality of life, familiarity with the language and culture, as well as an existing migrant community makes many superpowers an attractive destination for migrants.
What is G7 and what countries are in it?
G7 is a group consisting of seven of the most powerful countries in the world.
Usa
Germany
UK
Canada
France
Italy
Japan
What are the advantages of international migration for superpowers?
- migrants fill labour shortages
- more skilled workers, for example Indian doctors working in the NHS
- many migrants are willing to work in unskilled and/or low paid jobs such as cleaning or restaurant work
- MNCs are often keen to invest in areas with a diverse population and may employ highly skilled migrants, for example the London based Deutsche banks former CEO was born and raised in India
What is a global hub?
A city or region that provides a focal point for activities at a global scale.
How have cities developed as global hubs?
- cities may considered as global hubs due to the presence of MNC headquarters, globally reowned universities or global financial or political institutions
- many global hubs have benefitted from some form of ‘top-down’ support from the government
- China has created planned industrial hubs, for example Shenzhen was made a special economic zone, attracting the headquaters of many Chinese high-tech companies, MNCs and financial institutions
- Silicon valley in California has US government support, such as defence contracts for research and development and work for government departments
-other strategies include grants and tax breaks, public private partnerships and building infrastructure to attract investment in the city.
What are remittances?
Funds transferred by foreign workers to their family and friends in their home country
What are the advantages to remittances?
Remmitances can help reduce poverty and increasing spending in migrants country of origin, creating a positive multiplier effect and possibly reducing inequalities
- India received the most in remittances in 2017, with a value of $69 billion
- Remittances are worth between 2 and 3 times the amount in global aid budget
- in 9 developing countries, remittances contribute over 20% of GDP
What are the disadvantages to remittances/migration?
- skilled migrant workers can create brain drain in the source nation as they leave to work abroad, for example Indian professionals working for high tech companies in the US
- flows of money, ideas and technology linked with economic migration can promote growth and stability, but also exacerbate inequality, causing conflict
What are the consequences of economic migration on the host nation? (Leading to promotion of growth and stability)
- Labour skill shortages can be filled, which may increase productivity
- Labour force willing to accept lower-paid jobs that locals do not want
- Many migrants have entrepreneurial skills and establish successful new businesses, providing employment opportunties, for example a seventh of UK companies with a turnover of over $1 million a year were funded by migrants
- Positive multiplier effect of migrant spending can help boost the economy
What are the consequences of economic migration on the source nation? (leading to promotion of growth and stability)
- spending remittances in the source nation boosts the economy, for example the money sent back to the phillipines after the global financial crisis of 2008 prevented the country going into recession
- migrants and descendants may return home and establish businesses using skills learned in the host nation
What are the consequences of economic migration on the host nation? (leading to the exacerbation of inequalities)
- skilled migrants can bring new ideas and skills to companies in the host nation which can increase inequalities with source nations
- the influx of migrants can increase pressure on services such as schools, creating a financial burden for areas where they settle, this may create conflicts with locals unwilling to contribute to the costs
-people in the host nation may have the impression that migrants are taking jobs from locals, which may create conflict - migrants may fail to integrate into the host country, creating social conflicts
What are the consequences of economic migration on the source nation (leading to exacerbation of inequalities)?
- the loss of a large number of the young, economically active population results in lack of investment in economic activities
- the lack of spending by workers slows economic growth, increasing inequalities with host nations
- economic losses result from the costs of educating and training workers who then go abroad
- political changes may see migrants forced to leave host nations and return home, creating conflicts between countries
What is the definition of ‘interdependency’?
When 2 or more countries are mutually reliant on one another.
Give an example of economic interdependency.
The growth of global trade and methods of production where components are manufactured and assembled in different countries has led to the growth of economic interdependency, for example a Land Rover Discovery made in the UK uses parts from the UK as well as from Germany, France, HUngary, Ireland, Czech Republic and Poland.
Give an example of social interdependency.
A family relying on a member finding work abroad and sending back remittances, so that the family can improve its quality of life, demonstrates an example of social interdependency.
Give an example of political interdependency.
Countries joining together in intergovernmental organisations such as the World Bank, United Nations (UN) and the EU allows member states to assist each other in matters such as financial issues, trade and conflict resolutions, illustrating political interdependency.
Give an example of environmental interdependency.
Environmental concerns have resulted in countries working together to find solutions, such as the 1997 Kyoto Protocol to control greenhouse emissions.
What are the benefits of interdependency?
- Decrease in conflict - countries relying on each other may be less likely to go to war with each other
- countries joined in intergovernmental organisations can work together to solve problems, for example the World Bank gave US$1.6 billion to countries hardest hit by the spread of Ebola in 2015
- in organisations such as the EU, migrant labour allows economic output to be maximised and the greater revenues are shared between all members
What are the risks of interdependency?
- an economic recession can result in cancellation of construction projects, which may result in unemployment for migrants labour and fewer remittances being sent home
- events in the source nation can result in migrant workers returning home, creating labour shortages in the host nation, for example australians returning home for the olympics in 2000 created difficulties in finding temporary teachers to fill vacancies in parts of the UK
- the process of backwash results in migrants moving from peripheral regions to hubs, which leaves labour shortages in some areas
- increased resentment against migrants as people feel the migrants are taking are taking the available jobs
What are the 6 different migration policies countries can adopt?
- maintain the current level of migration
- reduce the level of migration
- increase the level of migration
- no official policy
- increase the proportion of highly skilled workers
- encourage the return of their citizens
What is the 5 tier migration policy for non-eu nationals in the UK?
Tier 1 - entrepreneurs, investors and exceptional talent
Tier 2 - skilled workers and expected high earners
Tier 3 - unskilled workers
Tier 4 -students coming over to study, must be able to speak and write English
Tier 5 - short term and temporary workers, such as entertainers, athletes and charity workers
Who are refugees?
People who have been forced to leave their home country (internally displaces persons have been forced to leave their homes but remain within their own country)
What are the 3 main causes of reefugee movement and internal displacement?
Geopolitical causes - war
Economic causes - landgrabbing
Natural distasters and climate change - drought
How can geopolitics be a cause of refugee movement?
- as a result of a colonial past, many countries in Africa and the middle East have borders that have little relation to current ethnic groups, leading to conflicts over power
- powerful countries each have their own agenda, supporting different sides and prolonging the conflict
- people flee from war, like in Syria in 2011, which has caused 5.6 million refugees
- people flee from persecution, which often occurs during, and as a result of, war
How can economic injustices be a cause of refugee movement? (landgrabbing)
- landgrabbing occurs when individuals lose access to the land they previously used, threatening their livelihood
- large areas of land in low income countries are acquired by MNCs, foreign governments and individuals
- companies acquire land to make money from cash crops for export, such as palm oil, soy and biofuels
- around 60% of Cambodias arable land has been handed to private companies, displacing many people
- africa is a prime target for land grabs - 70% of land acquired by foreign investors in just 11 countries, 7 of which are in africa (eg ethiopa)
How can natural disasters and climate change be a cause of refugee movement?
- natural hazards leading to disasters can cause people to flee to safety
- over 20 million people in somalia, south sudan, nigeria and yemen are facing extreme drought and are moving to avoid starvation
- in the future, climate change could result in 13 million people coastal dwellers being displaced as a result of rising sea levels
